acre /ˈeɪkə(r)/
🔹 noun [C]（可数名词）
📘 英式发音：/ˈeɪkə/ 📘 美式发音：/ˈeɪkər/
📘 语体：中性、正式与非正式场合均可用
📘 词源：来自古英语 æcer（意为“耕地、农田”），与 agriculture 同源。
🔹 一、核心义：英亩（面积单位）
a unit for measuring area, equal to 4,047 square metres or about 4,840 square yards
📘 中文释义：
英亩（面积单位，约等于 4047 平方米 ≈ 0.405 公顷） 常用于测量土地面积（尤其农业、地产、自然环境）
📘 例句：
They own 200 acres of farmland. 他们拥有 200 英亩的农田。 The estate covers over 50 acres of countryside. 这处庄园占地超过 50 英亩。 Hundreds of acres of forest were destroyed by the fire. 数百英亩的森林被大火烧毁。 The farmer planted wheat on ten acres of land. 农民在十英亩的土地上种了小麦。
📘 量化关系：
1 acre = 4,047 平方米 ≈ 0.405 公顷 = 6,273 平方英尺
100 acres ≈ 40.5 公顷
🔹 二、常见搭配（Collocations）
搭配
含义
示例
an acre of land / farmland / forest
一英亩土地 / 农田 / 森林
He owns an acre of farmland.
hundreds / thousands of acres
成百上千英亩
The park covers thousands of acres.
several acres in size / area
占地数英亩
The property is several acres in size.
acreage
n. 土地面积（总称）
The total acreage of the farm is 300 acres.
🔹 三、派生词与相关表达（Word Family）
词形
词性
含义
示例
acreage
n.
土地总面积；英亩数
The acreage of this plantation is over 1,000 acres.
acreage tax
n.
土地税（按英亩计）
The government imposed an acreage tax on large farms.
acre-foot
n.
英亩英尺（水量单位）
The reservoir holds several acre-feet of water.
🔹 四、语法与用法（Grammar & Syntax）
用法
说明
示例
可数名词
通常用于复数形式（acres）表示面积
They own 50 acres.
量词搭配
通常与数词连用
two acres, five hundred acres
修饰结构
常与 of + 名词连用
acres of forest, acres of farmland
无冠词结构
当泛指时常省略冠词
They farmed 200 acres.
📘 比较用法：
one acre → 单数 two acres → 复数 an acre of land ✅ acres of trees / farmland ✅
🔹 五、同义词与比较（Synonyms & Related Terms）
词
含义
区别
hectare (公顷)
公制面积单位（1 公顷 = 2.47 英亩）
学术、科学文献中更常用
plot / lot
一小块土地
非正式，用于住宅或分割地块
field
田地
可指农田、牧场等自然地形
estate
庄园；地产
含多英亩土地及建筑
land / farmland
一般性土地词汇
不特指面积单位
📘 换算示例：
1 英亩 ≈ 0.405 公顷 1 公顷 ≈ 2.47 英亩
🔹 六、学术与雅思应用（IELTS & Academic Use）
📘 雅思写作 Task 1（数据类）
The forest area decreased by 10,000 acres between 2000 and 2020. Farmers expanded cultivation by an additional 200 acres of land. The park covers an area of 500 acres, making it one of the largest in the region.
📘 雅思写作 Task 2（社会类）
Large companies often acquire thousands of acres of land for industrial projects. The destruction of acres of rainforest has caused serious environmental damage.
📘 Speaking（Part 2/3）
“My grandparents owned several acres of farmland where they grew vegetables.” “Many national parks cover hundreds of acres of protected land.”
🔹 七、常见误区与纠正（Common Mistakes）
错误句
改正句
说明
❌ an acres of land
✅ an acre of land
单数时不用 -s
❌ two acre of land
✅ two acres of land
复数必须加 -s
❌ acre land
✅ acres of land
需加介词 of
❌ It’s 4000 meters acre.
✅ It’s about one acre (≈ 4047 m²).
不混用单位
🔹 八、总结表（Summary Table）
项目
内容
词性
名词 [C]
核心义
英亩（面积单位）
数量换算
1 acre ≈ 4,047 m² ≈ 0.405 公顷
常见搭配
an acre of land / hundreds of acres / total acreage
派生词
acreage (n.), acre-foot (n.)
语域
常见于地理、农业、地产、环境类文章
同义词
hectare, field, plot
反义词
—（无直接反义）
🌟 雅思高分例句精选：
1️⃣ The new national park spans over 30,000 acres of forest and wetlands.
2️⃣ Farmers in this region typically manage about 10 acres of land each.
3️⃣ Over 5,000 acres of rainforest are lost every year due to deforestation.
4️⃣ The total acreage under cultivation increased by 15% during the decade.
5️⃣ The university campus occupies nearly 200 acres on the outskirts of the city.
acrobat /ˈækrəbæt/
🔹 noun [C]（可数名词）
📘 英式发音：/ˈækrəbæt/ 📘 美式发音：/ˈækrəˌbæt/
📘 语体：中性，常用于娱乐、体育、比喻语境
📘 词源：
源自希腊语 akrobátēs（意为“走在高处的人”），
由 akros（高的）+ bainein（行走）组成。
➡ 字面意思即“在高处行走的人”，引申为“杂技演员”。
🔹 一、核心义：杂技演员；特技表演者
a person who performs skilful physical exercises, especially in a circus
📘 中文释义：
杂技演员；特技表演者（尤指在马戏团表演高空、翻腾、平衡等） （引申）身手敏捷的人；行动灵活机智的人
📘 例句：
The acrobat balanced on the tightrope with perfect control. 那位杂技演员稳稳地走在钢丝上。 A group of acrobats performed amazing stunts at the circus. 一群杂技演员在马戏团表演了惊人的特技。 The child watched in awe as the acrobat flipped through the air. 孩子惊叹地看着杂技演员在空中翻腾。 Politicians often behave like acrobats, changing positions with ease. 🗣（比喻用法） 政客常像杂技演员一样，轻易改变立场。
🔹 二、常见搭配（Collocations）
搭配
含义
示例
a circus acrobat
马戏团杂技演员
The circus acrobat performed on the trapeze.
a skilled / professional acrobat
技艺高超 / 职业杂技演员
She trained for years to become a professional acrobat.
aerial acrobat
空中杂技演员
The aerial acrobat swung gracefully from one rope to another.
political acrobat (比喻)
政治投机分子
Many journalists called him a political acrobat.
🔹 三、比喻与引申义（Figurative Uses）
📘 acrobatic mind / political acrobatics / verbal acrobatics
指“灵活的思维”“政治投机”“语言花样”
这些常用于正式或文学语境。
📘 例句：
The diplomat’s verbal acrobatics impressed the audience. 这位外交官的语言技巧让听众印象深刻。 His quick thinking makes him a mental acrobat. 他的思维敏捷，像个脑力杂技师。
🔹 四、派生词与相关表达（Word Family）
词形
词性
含义
示例
acrobatic
adj.
杂技的；灵活的
The dancers performed a series of acrobatic moves.
acrobatics
n. [U]
杂技表演；技巧；（比喻）灵活应变
Gymnasts must learn acrobatics to compete effectively.
aerial acrobatics
n.
空中特技
The air show featured amazing aerial acrobatics.
📘 例句扩展：
The acrobatic performance received a standing ovation. 这场杂技表演赢得了全场起立鼓掌。 Success in diplomacy often requires a kind of political acrobatics. 外交成功往往需要某种政治上的灵活应变。 The gymnast’s acrobatic routine was flawless. 那名体操选手的杂技动作完美无缺。
🔹 五、语法与用法（Grammar Notes）
项目
内容
词性
名词 [C]
可数性
可数（常用复数 acrobats）
常见语域
娱乐、体育、文学、政治比喻
修饰词常见搭配
skilled / trained / aerial / professional / circus
🔹 六、同义词与相关词（Synonyms & Related Terms）
词
含义
区别
gymnast
体操运动员
更偏向体育比赛，不含马戏表演意味
performer / entertainer
表演者 / 艺人
泛指各种表演职业
contortionist
柔术演员
专指能扭曲身体表演的人
juggler
杂耍演员
表演抛接物品者
stunt performer / stuntman
特技演员
常用于电影或马戏中的危险动作表演者
📘 对比示例：
A gymnast performs in competitions. An acrobat performs in a circus or show. A stuntman performs dangerous movie scenes.
🔹 七、雅思与学术用法（IELTS & Academic Context）
📘 雅思口语（Speaking Part 2/3）
“I once watched a show where acrobats performed breathtaking stunts.” “Being an acrobat requires years of physical training and discipline.” “Modern acrobatic performances combine music, theatre, and technology.”
📘 雅思写作（Task 2 / 艺术类话题）
The art of acrobatics reflects the limits of human strength and creativity. Circus acrobats demonstrate how discipline can turn physical ability into art.
📘 学术扩展（艺术 / 体育 / 文化研究）
Acrobatics plays a key role in traditional Chinese performing arts. The evolution of acrobatic performance illustrates cultural exchange between East and West.
🔹 八、常见错误与纠正（Common Mistakes）
错误句
改正句
说明
❌ He is an acrobatics.
✅ He is an acrobat.
名词形式错误，acrobatic 是形容词
❌ She is very acrobat.
✅ She is very acrobatic.
表“灵活的”用形容词 acrobatic
❌ Acrobats show their acrobatic.
✅ Acrobats show their acrobatics.
“杂技”名词应为 acrobatics
🔹 九、总结表（Summary Table）
项目
内容
词性
名词 [C]
核心义
杂技演员；特技表演者
词源
希腊语 akrobatēs（走在高处的人）
常用搭配
circus acrobat / aerial acrobat / skilled acrobat
派生词
acrobatic (adj.), acrobatics (n.)
语域
表演、体育、比喻
同义词
gymnast, performer, stuntman
比喻义
行动灵活、思维敏捷的人
🌟 雅思高分例句精选：
1️⃣ The acrobats amazed the audience with their daring stunts and perfect balance.
2️⃣ Becoming an acrobat requires both physical strength and artistic creativity.
3️⃣ His speech was full of verbal acrobatics, avoiding any clear commitment.
4️⃣ The team’s acrobatic performance during the festival was breathtaking.
across /əˈkrɒs/ (BrE) /əˈkrɔːs/ (AmE)
🔹介词 (prep.) / 副词 (adv.)
📘 语体：通用（书面 & 口语均可）
📘 核心含义：从一边到另一边；横过；穿过；在……对面；遍及
📘 词源：由 a-（表示“在”） + cross（十字形、穿越）组成，原义为“横向地、越过地”。
🔹 一、介词用法（Preposition）
1️⃣ 从……的一边到另一边（movement from one side to the other）
from one side to the other of something
📘 中文释义： 穿过；横过；越过
📘 例句：
He walked across the street. 他穿过街道。 The children ran across the playground. 孩子们跑过操场。 The bridge stretches across the river. 那座桥横跨河流。 She swam across the lake in twenty minutes. 她二十分钟游过湖。
📘 雅思高分句型（地图题 Task 1）
A bridge was built across the river to connect the two towns. The new road runs across the center of the city.
2️⃣ 在……的对面（on the other side of something）
on the opposite side of
📘 中文释义： 在……对面
📘 例句：
My house is across the street from the park. 我的房子在公园的对面。 There’s a café across the road. 马路对面有一家咖啡馆。
3️⃣ 遍及；在……各处（throughout an area / among people）
covering, involving, or affecting all parts of a place or group
📘 中文释义： 遍及；在整个……；在……之中
📘 例句：
The news spread across the country within hours. 这消息几个小时内传遍全国。 English is spoken across the world. 英语在全世界范围内都被使用。 The policy was unpopular across Europe. 该政策在欧洲各地都不受欢迎。
📘 雅思写作（Task 2）
Climate change affects people across all continents. Government support for education varies across regions.
🔹 二、副词用法（Adverb）
1️⃣ 从一边到另一边；横着
from one side to the other
📘 例句：
They ran across quickly before the light changed. 他们在红灯变之前迅速跑过去。 The river is too wide to swim across. 这条河太宽，游不过去。
2️⃣ 在对面
on the opposite side
📘 例句：
She lives just across from me. 她就住在我对面。 The bank is right across from the post office. 银行就在邮局的对面。
3️⃣ 在各处；遍及
in every part of a place or group of people
📘 例句：
Excitement spread across as the concert began. 音乐会开始时，全场一片兴奋。 The company has offices across Asia. 这家公司在亚洲各地设有办事处。
🔹 三、常见固定搭配（Collocations）
搭配
含义
示例
go / walk / run across
穿过
She walked across the bridge.
look across (at)
朝……那边看
He looked across the table at her.
spread across
蔓延；遍布
The disease spread across the continent.
across the country / world / region
遍及全国 / 世界 / 地区
The festival is celebrated across the country.
right across from
正对面
The shop is right across from the station.
🔹 四、词义比较（across vs. through vs. over）
介词
含义
用法对比
across
表面上“横穿”
Walk across the road (穿过路面)
through
内部“穿过”
Walk through the forest (穿过树林内部)
over
从上面“越过”
Jump over the fence (跳过围栏)
📘 例句对比：
The dog ran across the yard. （在地面上穿过） The dog ran through the tunnel. （穿过内部） The dog jumped over the wall. （越过上方）
🔹 五、雅思高分表达（Academic & IELTS Use）
📘 Task 1 图表描述：
Sales increased across all regions during the period. Employment rates rose steadily across the country. There was a decline across most age groups.
📘 Task 2 论证句式：
Education reform is essential across all levels of society. The effects of globalization can be observed across cultures. Income inequality remains a major issue across many countries.
📘 Speaking 常见表达：
“There are beautiful parks across the city.” “People across the world use social media every day.” “I live across from my university, so it’s convenient.”
🔹 六、常见错误与纠正（Common Mistakes）
错误句
改正句
说明
❌ He went across the forest.
✅ He went through the forest.
“穿过森林”用 through（表示内部）
❌ My home is across the park.
✅ My home is across from the park.
表“对面”要加 from
❌ Across all people agree.
✅ People across all regions agree.
“across”前需明确范围
🔹 七、总结表（Summary Table）
项目
内容
词性
介词 / 副词
核心义
横过；穿过；在对面；遍及
常见搭配
across the road / river / world / table / from
区分词
through（内部穿过），over（越过上方）
雅思场景
地图题、数据题、社会类作文、口语 Part 2
语域
通用 / 学术均可
🌟 雅思高分例句精选：
1️⃣ A new highway was built across the northern region to improve transport.
2️⃣ The project gained support across the entire political spectrum.
3️⃣ Cultural festivals are celebrated across Europe every summer.
4️⃣ The researcher conducted surveys across five different cities.
5️⃣ From across the river, the lights of the city looked beautiful.
act /ækt/
🔹动词 (v.) / 名词 (n.)
📘 英式发音：/ækt/ 📘 美式发音：/ækt/
📘 语体：正式 / 中性 / 通用
📘 词源：
源自拉丁语 actum（行为、行动），动词 agere（做、行动）。
➡ 原意为“去做某事”，后来衍生出“表演、扮演、法律法案”等义。
🔹 一、动词用法 (Verb)
1️⃣ 行动；做事
to do something for a particular purpose
📘 中文释义： 行动；采取行动；做出举动
📘 例句：
It’s time to act instead of talking. 该行动了，而不是空谈。 Governments must act to address climate change. 各国政府必须采取行动应对气候变化。 The police acted quickly to save the victims. 警方迅速采取行动救出受害者。
📘 雅思写作高分表达：
The government should act immediately to reduce pollution. It is essential to act responsibly to protect the environment.
2️⃣ 表现；举止；假装
to behave in a particular way; to pretend
📘 中文释义： 表现；举止；假装
📘 例句：
He acted as if nothing had happened. 他表现得好像什么都没发生一样。 Stop acting like a child! 别像个小孩子一样！ She acted brave, but she was terrified. 她假装勇敢，但其实非常害怕。
3️⃣ 扮演；演出
to perform in a play, film, or on television
📘 中文释义： 扮演角色；表演
📘 例句：
He acted Hamlet in the school play. 他在学校戏剧中扮演哈姆雷特。 She acts in both films and theatre. 她既演电影也演舞台剧。 Have you ever acted before? 你演过戏吗？
📘 雅思口语常用表达：
“I’d love to act in a movie one day.”
“Many students act in school performances to build confidence.”
4️⃣ 起作用；充当
to perform the function or role of something
📘 中文释义： 充当；起……作用
📘 例句：
The sofa acts as a bed for guests. 这张沙发可以充当客床。 Teachers act as role models for students. 老师充当学生的榜样。 The law acts as a safeguard for citizens’ rights. 法律起到保障公民权利的作用。
📘 雅思写作高分句型：
Education acts as a foundation for social development. Media often acts as a bridge between the public and the government.
5️⃣ 代理；代表（正式用法）
to perform someone’s duties temporarily
📘 中文释义： 代理；暂时担任某职务
📘 例句：
She will act as manager while he is away. 在他不在时，她将代理经理职位。 The deputy acted for the president during his absence. 副手在总统不在时代行职责。
🔹 二、名词用法 (Noun)
1️⃣ 行为；举动；动作
a thing that somebody does
📘 中文释义： 行为；行动；举动
📘 例句：
An act of kindness can change someone’s life. 一件善举可以改变他人的人生。 Vandalism is an act of disrespect towards the community. 破坏公物是一种对社会的不尊重行为。 Forgiveness is a powerful act of humanity. 宽恕是一种强大的人性行为。
📘 常见搭配：
an act of courage / violence / kindness / generosity in the act of doing sth.（正在做某事时）
📘 例句：
She was caught in the act of stealing. 她正在偷东西时被抓住。
2️⃣ 法令；法案（正式）
a written law passed by a government
📘 中文释义： 法案；法律
📘 例句：
The Human Rights Act protects individual freedoms. 《人权法案》保护个人自由。 Parliament passed a new Act on education reform. 议会通过了一项教育改革法案。
📘 雅思写作句型：
The Clean Air Act was introduced to reduce industrial pollution. Legal acts play a vital role in regulating public behaviour.
3️⃣ （戏剧）幕；节目；表演者
a part of a play or performance; a performer or group
📘 中文释义： 幕；节目；（娱乐节目中的）表演者
📘 例句：
The play has five acts. 这部戏共有五幕。 Their comedy act was very popular. 他们的喜剧表演非常受欢迎。 The band was the final act of the night. 这支乐队是当晚的压轴节目。
🔹 三、常见搭配（Collocations）
搭配
含义
示例
act responsibly / decisively / quickly
负责任地 / 果断地 / 迅速地行动
Governments must act decisively in crises.
act as / act like
充当 / 表现得像
Teachers act as mentors.
an act of kindness / violence / bravery
善举 / 暴行 / 勇敢行为
It was a selfless act of bravery.
pass an Act
通过法律
The parliament passed an Act against discrimination.
caught in the act
当场被抓
The thief was caught in the act.
put on an act (口语)
装样子；假装
He’s just putting on an act to impress her.
🔹 四、雅思高分表达（IELTS Writing & Speaking）
📘 Task 2 论证写作：
Governments must act responsibly to ensure social welfare. Individuals should act to reduce their carbon footprint. Passing new acts is necessary to regulate digital privacy. Media can act as a tool for social awareness.
📘 Task 1（描述趋势或政策）
The government acted swiftly to stabilize the economy.
📘 Speaking:
“People should act instead of complaining.” “Teachers often act as guides for students.” “One random act of kindness can make your day.”
🔹 五、同义词与词义辨析（Synonyms & Comparisons）
单词
含义
区别
do
做（普通行为）
普通、口语化，语气弱于 act
perform
执行；表演
正式，用于任务、职责、演出
behave
表现
仅指举止态度，不含“行动”含义
take action
采取行动
常与 act 同义，但更正式、书面
📘 例句对比：
You must act now. (= take action) He performed his duty as a leader. She behaved politely throughout the meeting.
🔹 六、派生词（Word Family）
词形
词性
含义
示例
action
n.
行动；行为
Immediate action is required.
active
adj.
活跃的；积极的
She plays an active role in the project.
activity
n.
活动
Outdoor activities are popular among students.
actor / actress
n.
男 / 女演员
He became a famous actor in Hollywood.
acting
n./adj.
表演；代理的
She studied acting at university. / Acting manager.
activation / activism / activist
n.
激活 / 行动主义 / 行动者
Environmental activists demand change.
🔹 七、常见错误与纠正（Common Mistakes）
错误句
改正句
说明
❌ He made an act of kindness.
✅ He did an act of kindness.
act 是名词，不可用 make 搭配
❌ He acted the doctor.
✅ He acted as a doctor.
“充当”用 act as
❌ He is act in the play.
✅ He acts in the play.
动词需加 s（第三人称单数）
🔹 八、总结表（Summary Table）
项目
内容
词性
动词 / 名词
核心义
行动；行为；表演；法案
常见搭配
act as / act like / an act of / pass an Act / caught in the act
派生词
action, active, actor, activism
语域
通用 / 正式 / 学术均可
雅思场景
政府行动、社会责任、法律、表演类话题
🌟 雅思高分例句精选：
1️⃣ Governments should act responsibly to tackle environmental challenges.
2️⃣ One simple act of kindness can make a difference in society.
3️⃣ The Clean Water Act was introduced to improve public health.
4️⃣ Teachers often act as mentors and motivators for students.
5️⃣ Citizens must act together to bring about social change.
🌟 act 词族总览
📘 词根来源：拉丁语 agere（做，行动）
📘 核心意义：做、行动、表现
📘 核心语义网络：
act (v./n.) → action (n.) → active (adj.) → actively (adv.) → activity (n.)
↳ activate (v.)（使活动、启动）
↳ actor / actress (n.)（表演者）
1️⃣ act
📘 词性：v. / n.
📘 释义：
v. 行动；扮演；表现；起作用 n. 行为；举动；法案；（戏剧）幕
📘 例句：
Governments must act to solve this problem. （采取行动） He acted in several famous films. （表演） An act of kindness can change someone’s life. （善行）
📘 雅思写作高分句型：
Governments should act decisively to protect the environment. Education acts as a foundation for social progress.
2️⃣ action
📘 词性：n.
📘 释义：
1️⃣ 行动；行为
2️⃣ 措施；行动过程
3️⃣ （电影）动作场面
📘 例句：
We need to take action immediately. 我们必须立即采取行动。 The government’s actions affect millions of people. 政府的行为影响数百万人。 The movie is full of exciting action scenes. 这部电影充满了精彩的动作场面。
📘 雅思写作高分用法：
Urgent action is required to address global warming. Individual actions can make a collective difference.
📘 常见搭配：
take action call for action in action / out of action actions speak louder than words（行动胜于言辞）
3️⃣ activate
📘 词性：v.
📘 释义：
激活；启动；使活动起来
📘 例句：
You need to activate your account before using the app. 在使用应用前需要激活账户。 The emergency alarm was activated by mistake. 紧急警报被误触发。 Exercise helps activate the body’s metabolism. 锻炼有助于激活身体的新陈代谢。
📘 雅思写作用法：
Training programmes help activate students’ critical thinking. New policies should activate local economies.
📘 派生名词：activation (n.) 启动；激活
The activation of the system requires a password.
4️⃣ active
📘 词性：adj.
📘 释义：
1️⃣ 积极的；主动的
2️⃣ 活跃的；忙碌的
3️⃣ 有效的；活性的
📘 例句：
She takes an active part in community service. 她积极参加社区服务。 An active lifestyle contributes to good health. 积极的生活方式有助于健康。 The volcano is still active. 这座火山仍然是活火山。
📘 雅思写作常用句式：
Citizens should play an active role in protecting the environment. Older people are encouraged to remain physically active.
📘 常见搭配：
active role / participation / involvement active lifestyle / mind socially active / politically active
5️⃣ actively
📘 词性：adv.
📘 释义：
积极地；主动地；活跃地
📘 例句：
The government is actively promoting renewable energy. 政府正在积极推广可再生能源。 Students should actively participate in class discussions. 学生应积极参与课堂讨论。 She actively supports environmental charities. 她积极支持环保慈善组织。
📘 雅思写作高分句型：
Citizens are actively involved in decision-making processes. Companies are actively developing green technologies.
6️⃣ activity
📘 词性：n.
📘 释义：
1️⃣ 活动（个人或集体的行为）
2️⃣ 活跃；活力
3️⃣ 行动；工作（正式）
📘 例句：
Physical activity is essential for good health. 身体活动对健康至关重要。 The classroom was full of activity. 教室里充满活力。 Economic activity slowed during the pandemic. 疫情期间经济活动放缓。
📘 雅思写作常用表达：
Outdoor activities promote teamwork and communication. Economic activity is concentrated in urban areas.
📘 常见搭配：
physical / social / economic / human activity illegal / criminal activity group / leisure activities
7️⃣ actor
📘 词性：n.
📘 释义：
男演员；表演者 （比喻）行动者、参与者（正式）
📘 例句：
He’s one of the most talented actors in Hollywood. 他是好莱坞最有才华的演员之一。 In international politics, each country is an important actor. 在国际政治中，每个国家都是重要的行动者。
📘 雅思写作学术用法：
Non-governmental organisations have become key actors in global governance.
8️⃣ actress
📘 词性：n.
📘 释义： 女演员
📘 例句：
She’s an award-winning actress. 她是一位获奖女演员。 Many actresses face gender inequality in the film industry. 许多女演员在电影行业面临性别不平等。
📘 雅思口语示例：
“My favourite actress is Emma Stone because of her versatility.”
🔹 act 词族核心逻辑图：
词
词性
中文释义
典型搭配 / 雅思例句
act
v./n.
行动；表演；行为
act responsibly; act as a teacher
action
n.
行动；措施
take action; call for action
activate
v.
启动；激活
activate a system; activate learning
active
adj.
积极的；活跃的
an active role; an active lifestyle
actively
adv.
积极地；主动地
actively participate; actively promote
activity
n.
活动；活跃
physical activity; economic activity
actor
n.
男演员；参与者
a famous actor; a political actor
actress
n.
女演员
talented actress; award-winning actress
🌟 雅思高分句型汇总：
1️⃣ Governments must act decisively to address global issues.
2️⃣ Immediate action is required to prevent further damage.
3️⃣ These policies aim to activate innovation and entrepreneurship.
4️⃣ Citizens should play an active role in protecting natural resources.
5️⃣ People are actively involved in online communities.
6️⃣ Physical activity helps maintain a healthy lifestyle.
7️⃣ Non-state actors influence global environmental policy.
8️⃣ The actress received international recognition for her performance.
🌟 actual 词族系统讲解
词源：拉丁语 actus（行动、事实）→ actualis（真实的、现实的）
1️⃣ actual
📘 词性：形容词 adj.
📘 音标：/ˈæktʃuəl/
📘 核心义：真实的；实际的；确实的（与想象、计划或理论相对）
🔹 释义与例句：
1️⃣ 真实存在的；实际的
existing in fact; real, not imaginary
📘 例句：
The actual cost was higher than expected. 实际成本比预期高。 The actual results of the experiment confirmed the theory. 实验的实际结果证实了理论。
2️⃣ 真正的；本身的
used to emphasize the most important or real part of something
📘 例句：
The actual problem is lack of communication. 真正的问题是缺乏沟通。 The meal was good, but the actual restaurant was quite small. 饭很好吃，但餐厅本身很小。
3️⃣ （口语中）确实的；本人（用于强调）
used informally for emphasis
📘 例句：
I met the actual singer in person! 我真的见到了那位歌手本人！
🔹 常见搭配（Collocations）：
搭配
中文释义
示例
actual cost/price/amount
实际费用 / 金额
The actual cost was $500.
actual figure/result/data
实际数据 / 结果
The actual data confirmed the trend.
actual experience/situation
实际经历 / 情况
The actual situation is more serious.
in actual fact
实际上（正式表达）
In actual fact, the opposite is true.
🔹 雅思学术句型：
The actual number of cases was higher than predicted. The actual causes of climate change are complex. Policies must reflect the actual needs of citizens. In actual fact, these results are inconclusive.
2️⃣ actuality
📘 词性：名词 n.（可数/不可数）
📘 音标：/ˌæktʃuˈæləti/
📘 核心义：现实；真实情况；事实性
📘 语域：正式 / 学术用语（多用于写作与学术论文）
🔹 释义与例句：
1️⃣ 现实；事实；真实的存在状态
the state of being real or existing in fact
📘 例句：
There is a difference between appearance and actuality. 表象与现实之间存在差距。 The film blurs the line between fiction and actuality. 这部电影模糊了虚构与现实的界限。 In actuality, many people disagree with this policy. 实际上，许多人并不同意这项政策。
2️⃣ （哲）现实性，实际存在（学术/哲学文体）
something that exists or happens in the real world
📘 例句：
The report describes the actualities of daily life in rural areas. 报告描述了农村地区的生活实况。
🔹 常见搭配：
搭配
中文释义
示例
in actuality
实际上
In actuality, things are much worse.
harsh actuality / grim actuality
残酷的现实
They faced the harsh actuality of poverty.
the actuality of sth
……的真实性
Scholars debate the actuality of historical events.
🔹 雅思写作例句：
The actuality of climate change is beyond dispute. There is often a gap between policy goals and the actuality of implementation. In actuality, many developing countries still struggle with poverty.
3️⃣ actually
📘 词性：副词 adv.
📘 音标：/ˈæktʃuəli/
📘 核心义：
1️⃣ 实际上；事实上（用于纠正或补充信息）
2️⃣ 竟然；意外地（表达惊讶）
3️⃣ （口语）确实；真的（加强语气）
🔹 释义与例句：
① 实际上；事实上
used to show the real situation or truth, especially when it is different from what was thought
📘 例句：
Many people think it’s easy, but actually it’s quite difficult. 很多人以为这很容易，但实际上相当难。 Actually, I don’t agree with that point. 事实上，我不同意那个观点。
📘 雅思写作句型：
Actually, the data suggest a different conclusion. The problem is not simple; actually, it involves many factors.
② 令人惊讶地；竟然
used to express surprise
📘 例句：
She actually passed the test! 她竟然通过了考试！ He actually finished the marathon! 他居然完成了马拉松！
③ 确实；真的（加强语气）
used to emphasize what is true
📘 例句：
It was actually one of the best meals I’ve ever had. 那顿饭确实是我吃过最好的之一。 I’m actually very interested in this topic. 我真的对这个话题很感兴趣。
🔹 雅思 Speaking 高频用法：
✅ Speaking Part 1:
“I’m actually from a small town in the north.”
✅ Part 2:
“I actually met him by accident at a conference.”
✅ Part 3:
“Actually, I believe education plays a more important role than money.”
📘 💡用法提示：
在口语中，“actually” 既能引出新信息，也能缓和语气，使表达更自然。
🔹 常见搭配：
搭配
中文释义
示例
in actuality（正式）
实际上
In actuality, unemployment is higher.
actually speaking（较少见）
说实话
Actually speaking, I’m not sure.
not actually
并不是真的
I don’t actually like spicy food.
🔹 四、三者对比总结
词
词性
中文释义
常用场景
示例
actual
adj.
实际的；真实的
学术、正式
The actual results were surprising.
actuality
n.
现实；真实性
学术、正式
The actuality of climate change is undeniable.
actually
adv.
实际上；真的；竟然
口语 + 写作
Actually, I don’t agree with that.
🌟 雅思高分例句精选：
1️⃣ The actual figures were significantly higher than expected.
2️⃣ There is often a gap between theory and actuality.
3️⃣ Many people assume this policy works; actually, it has many flaws.
4️⃣ The actuality of global cooperation remains limited.
5️⃣ He actually managed to complete the project on time!
acute /əˈkjuːt/
📘 词性：形容词 adj.
📘 核心义：严重的；敏锐的；急性的；剧烈的；深刻的
📘 语域：正式 / 学术用语（极常见于 IELTS Writing Task 2、学术阅读、医学话题）
📘 词源：拉丁语 acutus（“尖的、敏锐的”），来自 acuere（“to sharpen”）。
🔹 一、主要释义（Oxford 定义）
1️⃣ 严重的；极度的；强烈的
(of bad, difficult, or unpleasant situations) very serious or severe
📘 中文释义：（问题、困难、痛苦）严重的；极度的；强烈的
📘 例句：
The country is facing an acute economic crisis. 这个国家正面临严重的经济危机。 There is an acute shortage of affordable housing. 可负担住房极度短缺。 She felt an acute pain in her chest. 她感到胸口剧痛。
📘 雅思写作高分句式：
Climate change has become an acute global issue. The lack of skilled workers poses an acute challenge to the economy. Urban poverty remains an acute social problem.
2️⃣ （感官、理解力等）敏锐的；灵敏的
able to notice small details or differences; very sensitive
📘 中文释义：（感知或智力）敏锐的；灵敏的；机敏的
📘 例句：
Dogs have an acute sense of smell. 狗的嗅觉非常灵敏。 She has an acute mind and quickly understands complex ideas. 她头脑敏锐，能迅速理解复杂概念。 His acute observation skills helped solve the mystery. 他敏锐的观察力帮助解开了谜团。
📘 雅思写作例句：
Scientists need an acute awareness of environmental changes. An acute understanding of global issues is essential for policymakers.
3️⃣ （医学）急性的
(medical) developing quickly and lasting a short time, but often severe
📘 中文释义：（疾病）急性的（与 chronic 慢性 相对）
📘 例句：
She was suffering from acute appendicitis. 她患了急性阑尾炎。 Acute pain must be treated immediately. 急性疼痛必须立即处理。 The doctor specializes in acute respiratory diseases. 医生专治急性呼吸系统疾病。
📘 学术写作用法：
The hospital treats both acute and chronic cases.
4️⃣ （数学/几何）锐的；尖的
(geometry) less than 90°; sharp
📘 中文释义：（角）锐角的
📘 例句：
An acute angle is less than 90 degrees. 锐角小于 90 度。
5️⃣ （声音）尖锐的；高音的
(of sound) very high or loud and often unpleasant
📘 例句：
The alarm emitted an acute sound. 警报器发出刺耳的高音。
🔹 二、常见搭配（Collocations）
搭配
含义
示例
acute pain / stress / anxiety
剧烈的疼痛 / 压力 / 焦虑
He suffered from acute pain.
acute problem / issue / crisis
严重问题 / 危机
An acute crisis affected the region.
acute shortage / need / demand
严重短缺 / 紧迫需求
There is an acute shortage of doctors.
acute hearing / sense / mind
敏锐的听觉 / 感知 / 思维
She has an acute sense of smell.
acute awareness / insight / perception
敏锐的洞察力
He has an acute awareness of global affairs.
acute disease / infection / condition
急性疾病 / 感染
Acute infections require immediate care.
🔹 三、语义比较（Similar Words）
词
含义
区别
severe
严重的（强调强度）
a severe drought / injury
serious
严重的（常用口语/正式）
a serious problem
chronic
慢性的（与 acute 相对）
chronic disease / pain
keen / sharp
敏锐的（智力或感官）
a keen mind / sharp eyes
📘 记忆法：
👉 acute = sharp, intense, short-term
（“尖锐、强烈、短期”三义合一）
🔹 四、雅思写作常用表达（IELTS Writing）
🎓 Task 2（社会/环境类）：
Poverty remains an acute challenge for developing countries. The shortage of housing has reached an acute level in many cities. There is an acute need for renewable energy development.
🎓 Task 1（数据/变化类）：
The company faced an acute decline in profits during 2018. An acute rise in unemployment was observed after 2020.
🗣 Speaking：
I had an acute pain in my tooth last week. It’s an acute issue that the government should address immediately. My dog has an acute sense of hearing — he notices every little sound.
🔹 五、常见派生词（Word Family）
词形
词性
中文释义
示例
acute
adj.
严重的；敏锐的；急性的
an acute crisis
acutely
adv.
强烈地；深刻地；剧烈地
acutely aware of the problem
acuteness
n.
敏锐；剧烈；严重
the acuteness of the pain / issue
📘 例句：
She is acutely aware of the challenges women face. 她深刻意识到女性所面临的挑战。 The acuteness of the problem requires immediate action. 问题的严重性需要立刻行动。
🔹 六、常见错误与纠正（Common Mistakes）
错误句
正确句
说明
❌ The problem is very acute serious.
✅ The problem is very acute / very serious.
不能并用两个同义词。
❌ He has an acute in thinking.
✅ He has an acute mind.
acute 需修饰名词。
❌ The disease is acute for long time.
✅ The disease is chronic, not acute.
acute 表示“短期的”。
🔹 七、总结表（Summary Table）
项目
内容
词性
形容词 adj.
音标
/əˈkjuːt/
中文释义
严重的；敏锐的；急性的；尖的
常见搭配
acute pain / problem / crisis / mind / awareness
反义词
chronic（慢性的）；mild（轻微的）
学术领域
医学、经济、社会科学、心理学、地理
语域
正式；书面语
派生词
acutely (adv.), acuteness (n.)
🌟 雅思高分例句精选：
1️⃣ An acute shortage of housing has led to higher rent prices.
2️⃣ The acute effects of pollution can be seen in urban areas.
3️⃣ She is acutely aware of the importance of education.
4️⃣ The doctor treated an acute case of pneumonia.
5️⃣ There is an acute need for better healthcare facilities in rural regions.
A.D.
📘 全写（拉丁文）：Anno Domini
📘 发音：/ˌeɪ ˈdiː/
📘 词性：缩写 abbrev.
📘 语域：正式 / 历史 / 学术
📘 中文释义：公元（纪年）
🔹 一、定义（Oxford 定义）
A.D. (abbreviation)
used before a date to show that it is in the period since the birth of Christ
📘 中文释义：
用于年份前，表示纪年系统中“耶稣基督诞生之后的时代”，即公元。
📘 解释说明：
A.D. 表示 “in the year of the Lord”（主的年份），源自拉丁语 Anno Domini Nostri Iesu Christi —— “在我们的主耶稣基督的年份”。
它与 B.C. (Before Christ) 对应。
🔹 二、用法（Usage Rules）
用法
示例
中文说明
放在年份前面（传统英式/学术用法）
A.D. 2025
公元 2025 年
放在年份后面（现代常见写法）
2025 AD
公元 2025 年
与 B.C.（公元前）相对
400 B.C. – A.D. 500
公元前 400 年至公元 500 年
在正式历史或学术写作中可替换为 CE / BCE
500 CE = A.D. 500, 500 BCE = 500 B.C.
CE / BCE 为中性表达（Common Era）
📘 注意：
传统上，A.D. 写在数字前（如 A.D. 1066），但现代英语中放在后面也常见（1066 AD）。 在正式学术论文、考古、宗教学中，推荐使用 CE（Common Era） 代替，以避免宗教色彩。
🔹 三、常见搭配（Collocations）
短语
含义
A.D. calendar
公元纪年制
A.D. era / period
公元时期
A.D. 1
公元 1 年（没有“公元 0 年”）
A.D. century
公元世纪（如 the 5th century A.D. = 公元 5 世纪）
🔹 四、比较与区分（B.C. / B.C.E. / C.E.）
缩写
全写
中文释义
位置
说明
A.D.
Anno Domini
公元（耶稣诞生后）
年份前或后
传统用法，有宗教色彩
B.C.
Before Christ
公元前
年份后
传统宗教用法
C.E.
Common Era
公元（中性表达）
年份后
现代学术中更常用
B.C.E.
Before Common Era
公元前（中性表达）
年份后
用于学术/考古/国际场合
📘 例句：
The Roman Empire began in 27 B.C. and lasted until A.D. 476. 罗马帝国始于公元前27年，结束于公元476年。 The city was founded in A.D. 1200. 这座城市建于公元1200年。 The Han Dynasty ended in 220 C.E. 汉朝于公元220年灭亡。
🔹 五、历史与学术用法（雅思/Academic）
📘 雅思写作 Task 2 / 历史类作文常用表达：
The earliest records of human civilization date back to A.D. 500. Christianity spread rapidly throughout Europe in the early A.D. centuries. By A.D. 1000, trade networks had expanded across Asia and Africa.
📘 学术写作（历史 / 考古 / 文化研究）常用：
The site contains artifacts from 500 B.C. to A.D. 300. The document was written in the 3rd century A.D. Scholars prefer to use C.E. instead of A.D. for inclusivity.
🔹 六、常见错误与纠正（Common Mistakes）
错误句
正确句
说明
❌ AD means After Death.
✅ A.D. means Anno Domini (in the year of the Lord).
常见误解：AD ≠ “After Death”。
❌ 0 A.D.
✅ A.D. 1
没有“公元 0 年”。
❌ B.C. A.D. 100
✅ 100 B.C. 或 A.D. 100
两者不可同时使用。
🔹 七、总结表（Summary Table）
项目
内容
缩写
A.D.
全写
Anno Domini（拉丁文）
中文释义
公元（纪年）
反义词
B.C.（公元前）
现代替代表达
C.E.（Common Era）
常见位置
传统：A.D. 2025；现代：2025 AD
学术推荐
用 C.E. / B.C.E.
使用领域
历史、宗教、考古、时间轴、雅思写作（社会/历史话题）
🌟 雅思高分例句精选：
The Roman Empire fell in A.D. 476, marking the end of ancient history.
In modern academic writing, C.E. is often used instead of A.D. to avoid religious connotations.
Archaeologists discovered artifacts dating from 500 B.C. to A.D. 200.
The calendar system based on A.D. is still widely used around the world today.
ad
📘 发音：/æd/
📘 词性：名词 noun（非正式）
📘 全写：advertisement
📘 语域：非正式 / 日常用语（口语、媒体、营销场景）
🔹 一、定义（Oxford 定义）
ad (informal) = advertisement
a notice, picture, or short film telling people about a product, job, or service
📘 中文释义：
（口语、非正式）广告；广告短片；广告宣传
📘 例句：
I saw an ad for a new phone on TV. 我在电视上看到一个新手机的广告。 They put an ad in the local newspaper. 他们在当地报纸上登了广告。 Click on the ad to learn more. 点击广告了解更多信息。 The website is full of annoying pop-up ads. 这个网站充满了烦人的弹出广告。
🔹 二、用法说明（Usage Notes）
项目
内容
正式写法
advertisement
口语/美式常用
ad
复数形式
ads
词性
名词
语域
非正式（媒体、商业、日常会话）
动词形式（相关）
advertise (v.)；advertising (n.)；advertiser (n.)
📘 例句：
The company spends millions on TV ads every year. 公司每年在电视广告上花费数百万。 Online ads are often targeted based on users’ interests. 网络广告通常根据用户兴趣进行定向推送。
🔹 三、常见搭配（Collocations）
搭配
含义
示例
TV ad / radio ad
电视 / 广播广告
I saw a funny TV ad yesterday.
online ad / pop-up ad
网络 / 弹窗广告
Those pop-up ads are really annoying.
job ad
招聘广告
I found the job in a job ad online.
place / post / run an ad
登广告 / 投放广告
The company placed an ad in the newspaper.
advertising campaign / ad campaign
广告活动
The new ad campaign increased sales.
click on an ad
点击广告
Don’t accidentally click on those fake ads.
🔹 四、与 “advertisement” 的区别
项目
ad
advertisement
语域
非正式
正式 / 书面
场合
口语、日常、互联网
学术、商务、书面文本
常见搭配
TV ad, online ad
an advertisement for a product
例句
I saw an ad on YouTube.
The company placed an advertisement in the magazine.
📘 总结记忆法：
👉 ad = “广告”的日常简称，就像 “photo = photograph”。
🔹 五、相关派生与词族（Word Family）
词形
词性
中文释义
示例
ad
n.
广告（口语）
I saw an ad on Instagram.
advertisement
n.
广告（正式）
The advertisement was well designed.
advertising
n.
广告业 / 广告宣传
Advertising plays a key role in marketing.
advertise
v.
登广告 / 宣传
The company advertises its products online.
advertiser
n.
广告主 / 投放者
Major advertisers include tech companies.
🔹 六、雅思与学术写作中的用法
📘 Task 2（广告类题目非常常考）
Nowadays, people are constantly influenced by ads on social media. Advertising encourages people to buy things they don’t need. Governments should regulate online ads that target children. Too many ads can lead to consumerism and waste.
📘 高分写作表达：
The widespread presence of online ads has changed consumer behaviour. Some people argue that advertising manipulates people’s choices.
📘 Speaking（Part 2/3 常用表达）
“There’s an ad I really like — it’s creative and inspiring.” “I think some ads are misleading, especially on the Internet.” “Adverts are everywhere — TV, YouTube, even inside mobile apps.”
🔹 七、其他含义（在不同领域）
领域
含义
示例
📚 语法 / 词源
来自拉丁语前缀 ad-，意为 “to, toward”
adapt, adjust, advance
📆 时间缩写（区别于 A.D.）
注意 “ad” ≠ “A.D.”（公元）
ad = advertisement；A.D. = Anno Domini
💬 俚语
网络广告、短片
“I skipped the ad on YouTube.”
🔹 八、总结表（Summary Table）
项目
内容
单词
ad
音标
/æd/
词性
名词（非正式）
全写
advertisement
中文释义
广告；广告片；广告宣传
常见搭配
TV ad, job ad, online ad, place an ad
语域
非正式、口语、媒体用语
派生词
advertise, advertisement, advertising, advertiser
反义词
（无直接反义）但与 announcement / notice 区分使用
🌟 雅思高分例句精选：
1️⃣ People are constantly exposed to ads promoting various products.
2️⃣ Online ads often use personal data to target specific audiences.
3️⃣ Some ads give misleading information about their products.
4️⃣ The company launched a new ad campaign to attract young consumers.
5️⃣ I saw an interesting TV ad about environmental protection.
❄🌸Snow Cherry Blossom🌸❄ 