单词A10

🟩 advocate

📘 音标:/ˈædvəkət/ (名词 n.) | /ˈædvəkeɪt/ (动词 v.)

📘 词性:名词 [C],动词 [T]

📘 词源(Etymology):来自拉丁语 advocatus(“为他人呼喊的人”,指“辩护人”或“拥护者”),源自 ad-(toward)+ vocare(to call 呼唤)。

🟦 一、动词(verb)/ˈædvəkeɪt/

✅ 定义(Definition)

advocate (for) sth

to publicly support or recommend a particular cause, policy, or way of doing something

📘 中文释义:

提倡;主张;拥护;鼓吹(某种理念、政策或做法)

📘 例句(Examples)

1️⃣ The organization advocates equal rights for all citizens.

 该组织提倡所有公民享有平等权利。

2️⃣ Scientists advocate a reduction in carbon emissions.

 科学家主张减少碳排放。

3️⃣ He advocated reforming the education system.

 他主张改革教育体制。

4️⃣ Many experts advocate for renewable energy development.

 许多专家提倡发展可再生能源。

📘 常见结构(Grammar Patterns)

结构

示例

含义

advocate + sth

They advocate peace and tolerance.

提倡……

advocate + doing sth

He advocates improving public health care.

提倡做某事

advocate + that 从句

She advocates that the government should invest more in education.

主张……

advocate for sth/sb

The lawyer advocates for the poor.

为……发声/代言(尤其是弱势群体)

📗 同义词(Synonyms)

中文释义

语体说明

support

支持

普通中性

promote

推广

多用于政策、理念

champion

积极捍卫

正式、有力量感

recommend

推荐

语气较温和

endorse

支持(官方或公开场合)

正式、官方语体

📘 IELTS 写作高分句(Verb 用法)

1️⃣ Many environmentalists advocate stricter pollution controls.

2️⃣ This essay advocates the view that education should be free for all.

3️⃣ Experts advocate investing in public transport to reduce congestion.

4️⃣ Some economists advocate for universal basic income as a long-term solution.

5️⃣ The United Nations advocates human rights and social equality worldwide.

🟦 二、名词(noun)/ˈædvəkət/

✅ 定义(Definition)

advocate [C]

a person who publicly supports or defends a particular cause, idea, or group of people

📘 中文释义:

提倡者;拥护者;辩护人;代言人;倡导者

📘 例句(Examples)

1️⃣ She is a passionate advocate of women’s rights.

 她是妇女权利的热情倡导者。

2️⃣ He has long been an advocate for environmental protection.

 他长期以来一直是环保事业的拥护者。

3️⃣ The lawyer worked as a human-rights advocate.

 那位律师是一名人权辩护人。

4️⃣ As an advocate for the homeless, he helps provide legal assistance.

 作为无家可归者的代言人,他提供法律援助。

📘 常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

中文释义

an advocate of sth

……的拥护者

an advocate for sth/sb

……的代言人/辩护人

a strong / outspoken advocate

强烈/直言不讳的倡导者

a passionate / tireless advocate

热情/不懈的拥护者

📗 IELTS 写作高分句(Noun 用法)

1️⃣ She is a strong advocate of gender equality in the workplace.

2️⃣ Many advocates for public health argue that prevention is better than cure.

3️⃣ The essay presents the author as an advocate of technological innovation.

4️⃣ He is regarded as a leading advocate for social justice.

🟦 三、派生词与词族(Word Family)

单词

词性

中文释义

示例

advocacy

n. [U]

支持;提倡;倡导

The NGO focuses on environmental advocacy.(该非政府组织致力于环境倡导。)

advocate

v.

提倡;主张

The report advocates stricter safety rules.

advocate

n.

提倡者;代言人

She’s a passionate advocate for mental health awareness.

📘 区别对比(同根词用法)

单词

词性

中文释义

用法举例

advocate (v.)

动词

提倡、主张

Scientists advocate reducing pollution.

advocate (n.)

名词

拥护者、倡导者

He is an advocate of renewable energy.

advocacy (n.)

名词(抽象)

倡导、支持(行为或活动)

Advocacy for gender equality is crucial.

🟦 四、常见混淆(Common Mistakes)

错误

正确

说明

❌ He is an advocate to reduce pollution.

✅ He is an advocate of reducing pollution.

advocate of/for,不能接 to。

❌ The organization advices for peace.

✅ The organization advocates peace.

advise ≠ advocate。

❌ She advocate for animal rights.

✅ She advocates for animal rights.

动词形式需加 -s(第三人称单数)。

🟦 五、雅思与学术写作常见搭配(IELTS Collocations)

表达

中文释义

advocate policy reform

倡导政策改革

advocate equality / justice

提倡平等/正义

advocate for sustainable development

呼吁可持续发展

strong advocate of democracy

民主的坚定拥护者

environmental / human-rights advocate

环保/人权活动倡导者

🟦 六、总结表(Summary Table)

项目

内容

词性

n. / v.

发音

/ˈædvəkət/ (n.); /ˈædvəkeɪt/ (v.)

中文释义

提倡;主张;倡导者;辩护人

常见搭配

advocate for sth / an advocate of sth

同义词

support, promote, champion, recommend

派生词

advocacy (n.)

语体

正式(formal),常见于学术写作、演讲、新闻报道

🏆 IELTS 写作高分句精选

1️⃣ Many scholars advocate for educational reform to reduce inequality.

2️⃣ The essay advocates a more balanced approach to urban development.

3️⃣ She is an outspoken advocate of environmental sustainability.

4️⃣ Public advocacy for renewable energy has increased significantly.

5️⃣ Governments should listen to the advocates of human rights when drafting laws.

🟩 aerial

📘 音标:/ˈeəriəl/

📘 词性:形容词 adj.;名词 n.

📘 词源(Etymology):来自拉丁语 aerius(属于空气的、在空气中的),源自 aer(空气 air)。

🟦 一、形容词(adjective)

✅ 定义(Definition)

aerial — existing, happening, or operating in the air; related to aircraft or the atmosphere.

📘 中文释义:

空气中的;空中的;来自空中的;航空的;(植物)空气生长的

📘 例句(Examples)

1️⃣ The building provides an aerial view of the entire city.

 从这座大楼可以看到整个城市的鸟瞰图。

2️⃣ The aerial photographs show the extent of the flooding.

 航拍照片显示了洪水的范围。

3️⃣ An aerial attack destroyed several military bases.

 一场空袭摧毁了数个军事基地。

4️⃣ The dancer’s movements were light and aerial, as if she were floating.

 舞者的动作轻盈如飞。

📘 常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

中文释义

aerial view / photograph / image

航拍图 / 航拍照片 / 空中影像

aerial attack / bombing / warfare

空袭 / 空中轰炸 / 空战

aerial survey

空中勘测

aerial roots

(植物的)气生根

aerial perspective

空气透视法(绘画中表现远近深度的技巧)

📘 IELTS 高级表达(Academic Usage)

1️⃣ Aerial photography is widely used in environmental monitoring and urban planning.

 航拍在环境监测和城市规划中被广泛使用。

2️⃣ Aerial surveys allow scientists to study large geographical areas efficiently.

 空中勘测让科学家能够高效地研究大面积地理区域。

3️⃣ The government conducted an aerial inspection of the wildfire area.

 政府对野火地区进行了空中检查。

📗 同义词(Synonyms)

词汇

含义

语体

airborne

空运的;空中的(侧重“被空气承载”)

科技/军事用语

aviatic / aviation

航空的(正式)

学术

skyborne

天空中的(文学或诗意)

文艺用语

🟦 二、名词(noun) [C]

aerial — a wire or rod that sends or receives radio or television signals.

📘 中文释义:

天线;无线电天线

📘 例句(Examples)

1️⃣ The television aerial needs to be adjusted to get a clearer signal.

 电视天线需要调整以获得更清晰的信号。

2️⃣ The car’s radio aerial was broken in the storm.

 汽车的收音机天线在暴风雨中损坏了。

3️⃣ Satellite dishes and aerials are installed on most rooftops.

 大多数屋顶都安装了卫星天线和天线杆。

📘 常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

中文释义

radio aerial

收音机天线

TV aerial

电视天线

car aerial

车载天线

roof aerial

屋顶天线

🟦 三、派生与词族(Word Family)

单词

词性

中文释义

示例

aerial

adj.

空中的;航空的

The plane took an aerial route across the desert.

aerially

adv.

在空中地;通过空气地

The disease spreads aerially.(疾病通过空气传播。)

aerobatic

adj.

特技飞行的

The pilot performed amazing aerobatic maneuvers.

aerodynamics

n.

空气动力学

Aerodynamics plays a key role in aircraft design.

aeronautics

n.

航空学

He studied aeronautics at university.

🟦 四、常见混淆(Common Confusions)

混淆词

区别

示例

aerial

空中的;天线

aerial photograph(航拍照片)

airborne

被空气承载的;空运的

airborne troops(空降部队)

aviation

航空业(名词)

civil aviation(民用航空)

🟦 五、IELTS 学术搭配(Academic Collocations)

表达

中文释义

aerial photography / imaging

航空摄影

aerial mapping / survey

空中测绘

aerial pollution monitoring

空气污染监测

aerial transportation

航空运输

aerial warfare / operation

空战/空中作战

🟦 六、总结表(Summary Table)

项目

内容

词性

adj. / n.

发音

/ˈeəriəl/

中文释义

空中的;航空的;天线

常见搭配

aerial view / aerial photograph / TV aerial

同义词

airborne, skyborne

派生词

aerially (adv.)

学术用途

用于描述航空摄影、空中观测、空间技术等领域

🏆 IELTS 写作高分例句

1️⃣ Aerial photography provides crucial data for environmental assessment and disaster management.

2️⃣ The aerial view of the city highlights the contrast between urban and green areas.

3️⃣ With the help of aerial mapping, researchers can monitor deforestation effectively.

4️⃣ The building’s aerial antenna enables high-speed satellite communication.

🟩 aeroplane

📘 英音:/ˈeərəpleɪn/  美音:/ˈerəpleɪn/

📘 词性:名词 noun [C]

📘 同义词(Synonym):airplane(美式常用)

📘 词源(Etymology):来自希腊语 aer-(空气 air)+ planos(移动的、滑行的 moving)→ “在空气中滑行的物体”。

🟦 一、定义(Definition)

aeroplane — a vehicle designed for air travel that has wings and one or more engines.

📘 中文释义:

飞机;固定翼航空器;航空运输工具

📘 例句(Examples)

1️⃣ The aeroplane took off smoothly despite the strong wind.

 尽管风很大,飞机仍平稳起飞。

2️⃣ They watched the aeroplanes flying overhead.

 他们看着飞机从头顶飞过。

3️⃣ The first successful aeroplane flight was made by the Wright brothers in 1903.

 1903年,莱特兄弟完成了人类首次成功的飞机飞行。

4️⃣ The passengers boarded the aeroplane and fastened their seat belts.

 乘客登上飞机并系好安全带。

📘 常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

中文释义

board an aeroplane

登机

catch / take an aeroplane

乘飞机

aeroplane flight / journey / crash

飞机航班/旅程/坠毁

aeroplane engine / design

飞机引擎/设计

model aeroplane

模型飞机

jet / passenger / military aeroplane

喷气式/客机/军用飞机

🟦 二、语体与地区用法(Usage Notes)

用法

说明

aeroplane

🇬🇧 英式英语(British English)常用;更正式、传统。

airplane

🇺🇸 美式英语(American English)常用;更简洁现代。

plane

非正式缩略形式(在口语或新闻中常用)。

📘 IELTS 提示:

在 雅思写作与口语考试 中,英式拼写 aeroplane 是更自然的选择,特别是涉及 travel / technology / transport 话题。

🟦 三、扩展用法(Extended Uses)

✈️ aeroplane industry

 → 航空制造业;航空工业

 例:The aeroplane industry has made great technological advances.

 (航空工业取得了巨大的技术进步。)

🧠 aeroplane mode

 → 飞行模式(电子设备中的设置)

 例:Please switch your phone to aeroplane mode during the flight.

 (请在飞行期间将手机切换到飞行模式。)

📸 aeroplane window view

 → 飞机舷窗景色

 例:The aeroplane window view was breathtaking as we crossed the Alps.

 (当我们飞越阿尔卑斯山时,舷窗外的景色令人叹为观止。)

🟦 四、相关词族(Word Family)

单词

词性

中文释义

示例

aeroplane

n.

飞机

The aeroplane landed safely.

aeronautical

adj.

航空学的;飞行的

He studied aeronautical engineering.

aerodynamics

n.

空气动力学

Aerodynamics affects the efficiency of aircraft.

aeronautics

n.

航空学;飞行术

The museum displays the history of aeronautics.

aerospace

adj./n.

航空航天的 / 航空航天业

Aerospace technology is developing rapidly.

🟦 五、同义词与区别(Synonyms & Differences)

单词

用法区别

示例

aeroplane (英式)

正式、书面;常用于英联邦国家

The aeroplane was delayed by fog.

airplane (美式)

美式拼法,更口语化

The airplane took off from New York.

plane

非正式;常用于口语或报刊标题

The plane landed safely.

🟦 六、雅思写作与口语示例(IELTS Examples)

1️⃣ Air travel has become increasingly affordable due to advancements in aeroplane technology.

 由于飞机技术的进步,航空旅行变得越来越实惠。

2️⃣ The invention of the aeroplane revolutionized global transportation.

 飞机的发明彻底改变了全球交通方式。

3️⃣ Modern aeroplanes are more fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly.

 现代飞机的燃油效率更高,也更环保。

4️⃣ The development of aeroplane engines contributed significantly to globalization.

 飞机发动机的发展对全球化产生了重大影响。

5️⃣ Children often enjoy building model aeroplanes as a hobby.

 孩子们常常喜欢把制作模型飞机作为一种爱好。

🟦 七、总结表(Summary Table)

项目

内容

词性

名词 [C]

发音

/ˈeərəpleɪn/

中文释义

飞机;航空器

同义词

airplane (美);plane(口语)

常见搭配

board an aeroplane / model aeroplane / aeroplane industry

领域

航空 ✈️;交通运输 🚀

语体

正式(英式英语)

🏆 IELTS 高分句精选

1️⃣ The aeroplane is one of the most transformative inventions in modern history.

2️⃣ Many business travellers prefer aeroplane journeys for their efficiency.

3️⃣ Advances in aeroplane engineering have improved fuel efficiency and safety.

4️⃣ The aeroplane industry plays a vital role in global economic connectivity.

5️⃣ In aeroplane mode, mobile devices stop transmitting signals during flights.

🟩 affair

📘 音标:/əˈfeə(r)/ (英) | /əˈfer/ (美)

📘 词性:名词 noun [C, usually plural]

📘 词源(Etymology):来自古法语 afaire(事务、事情),源自拉丁语 ad + facere(to do,去做)→ “要做的事”。

🟦 一、定义(Definition)

affair — a matter that is connected with a particular person, event, or area of activity.

📘 中文释义:

1️⃣ 事务;事件;事情

2️⃣ 公共事务;政治事务

3️⃣ 私事;感情关系;风流韵事

4️⃣ (非正式)令人关注的事件或场面

🟦 二、主要义项与例句(Main Meanings & Examples)

① 事务;事情;事件

Something that is connected with someone’s work, life, or personal matters.

📘 中文释义:

事情;事务;日常活动(常用复数 affairs)

📘 例句:

She organizes all her family affairs very efficiently.  她把家庭事务安排得井井有条。 He deals with the company’s financial affairs.  他负责公司的财务事务。 The scandal damaged his reputation in both public and private affairs.  那场丑闻损害了他在公共和私人事务中的声誉。

📘 常见搭配(Collocations):

表达

含义

business affairs

商务事务

family affairs

家庭事务

financial affairs

财务事务

personal affairs

私人事务

public affairs

公共事务/社会事务

② 政治或国际事务(常用复数 affairs)

Matters connected with the government or international relations.

📘 中文释义:

国家事务;国际关系;政治活动

📘 例句:

He is the new Minister of Foreign Affairs.  他是新任外交部长。 The United Nations plays a key role in world affairs.  联合国在世界事务中起着关键作用。 Economic affairs dominate the government’s agenda.  经济事务是政府的主要议题。

📘 常见表达:

搭配

含义

international affairs

国际事务

domestic affairs

国内事务

foreign affairs

外交事务

state affairs

国家事务

current affairs

时事(常用于媒体语境)

③ 感情关系;婚外情;风流韵事

A secret or romantic relationship, especially one that is outside marriage.

📘 中文释义:

(尤指婚外的)恋情,私情,风流韵事

📘 例句:

She had an affair with her boss.  她和老板有一段婚外情。 Their affair ended when he moved to another city.  他搬到另一座城市后,他们的关系就结束了。 The novel describes a tragic love affair.  这部小说描写了一段悲剧性的爱情故事。

📘 同义表达(近义词):

语气

示例

relationship

中性;可用于正式语体

They were in a relationship.

romance

浪漫的关系;文学用语

A brief romance developed between them.

fling

短暂的恋情;口语化

It was just a summer fling.

④ (非正式)某个事件或场面(尤指令人印象深刻或尴尬的)

An event or situation, especially one that attracts attention or involves emotions.

📘 中文释义:

事件;场面;(令人关注的)事情

📘 例句:

The party was quite a grand affair.  那场聚会非常盛大。 The whole affair ended in complete disaster.  整件事以彻底的失败告终。 It was a simple affair, just close family and friends.  那只是一个简单的聚会,只有亲友参加。

🟦 三、常见搭配与短语(Collocations & Phrases)

表达

中文释义

affairs of state

国事

foreign affairs

外交事务

public affairs

公共事务

love affair

恋爱关系;风流韵事

current affairs

时事;当前事件

personal affairs

私人事务

financial affairs

财务问题

business affairs

商业事务

world affairs

世界事务

🟦 四、语法与用法(Grammar & Usage)

通常用复数 affairs 表示“事务、活动”类含义。 用单数 affair 时,常表示“(一件)事件”或“感情关系”。 搭配 involve / handle / manage / interfere in sb’s affairs: The government should not interfere in private affairs. 政府不应干涉私人事务。

🟦 五、IELTS 写作与口语例句(Academic Examples)

1️⃣ Governments should avoid unnecessary interference in individuals’ private affairs.

 政府应避免不必要地干涉公民的私人事务。

2️⃣ Economic affairs have become increasingly globalized due to trade liberalization.

 由于贸易自由化,经济事务日益全球化。

3️⃣ The organization plays a significant role in managing world affairs.

 该组织在管理世界事务中发挥着重要作用。

4️⃣ Media attention to celebrities’ private affairs often raises ethical concerns.

 媒体对名人私生活的关注常引发伦理争议。

5️⃣ International cooperation is essential for solving global affairs such as climate change.

 国际合作对于解决全球性事务(如气候变化)至关重要。

🟦 六、同义词与词族(Synonyms & Word Family)

单词

词性

中文释义

区别

matter

n.

事情;问题

普通中性词,范围最广

issue

n.

议题;争论点

强调公共或政治问题

business

n.

事务;职责

常用于商业或个人活动

case

n.

案例;情形

常用于具体事件或法律语境

incident

n.

事件(通常不愉快)

含负面色彩

relationship

n.

关系;感情

用于情感语境时替代 affair

🟦 七、总结表(Summary Table)

项目

内容

词性

名词 [C, 常复数]

发音

/əˈfeə(r)/

主要义项

1. 事务 2. 政治事务 3. 私情 4. 事件

常见搭配

foreign affairs / family affairs / love affair / current affairs

语体

中性~正式

派生词

—(无直接派生)

🏆 IELTS 高分例句精选

1️⃣ The media should respect individuals’ private affairs to protect their personal rights.

2️⃣ Environmental affairs are now a major concern in international policy-making.

3️⃣ The conference focused on the economic affairs of developing nations.

4️⃣ Their romantic affair became a topic of public discussion.

5️⃣ Political affairs often influence social stability and international relations.

affect / affection / affectionate

它们属于同一词族,但语义与用法差异明显。👇

🟩 affect

📘 音标:/əˈfekt/

📘 词性:动词 verb [T]

📘 词源:拉丁语 afficere(to act upon, influence,作用于某物)

📘 常混淆词:⚠️ affect(动词)≠ effect(名词)

🟦 一、定义(Definition)

affect (v.) — to have an influence on someone or something; to produce a change in them.

📘 中文释义:

1️⃣ 影响;对……产生作用

2️⃣ 使某人感动;触动情感

3️⃣ (正式)感染;侵袭(疾病)

📘 例句(Examples)

1️⃣ The climate affects crop production.

 气候影响农作物的产量。

2️⃣ The decision will seriously affect the economy.

 这一决定将严重影响经济。

3️⃣ Her speech deeply affected the audience.

 她的演讲深深打动了听众。

4️⃣ The disease affects the nervous system.

 这种疾病会侵袭神经系统。

📘 常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

directly / indirectly affect

直接/间接影响

affect behavior / performance / growth

影响行为/表现/增长

affect the outcome / environment / health

影响结果/环境/健康

be adversely / negatively affected

受到不利影响

emotionally affected

受到情绪触动

📘 IELTS 写作高分句

1️⃣ Climate change affects both natural ecosystems and human societies.

2️⃣ Government policies significantly affect the economic stability of a nation.

3️⃣ Stress can negatively affect students’ academic performance.

4️⃣ Technological advances have affected the way people communicate.

5️⃣ Poor sanitation affects millions of people in developing countries.

📗 同义词(Synonyms)

词汇

中文释义

区别

influence

影响(侧重心理、思想)

a softer, psychological effect

impact

冲击(语气更强)

physical or figurative force

change

改变

broader, less specific

disturb

干扰、打乱

negative emotional or physical effect

⚠️ 常见错误(Common Mistakes)

错误

正确

说明

❌ The affect of pollution is serious.

✅ The effect of pollution is serious.

effect 是名词,affect 是动词。

❌ The weather has an affect on crops.

✅ The weather affects crops.

动词要用 affect。

🟩 affection

📘 音标:/əˈfekʃn/

📘 词性:名词 noun [U, C]

📘 词源:源自拉丁语 affectio(emotion, disposition)→ “情感;好感”

🟦 一、定义(Definition)

affection — a gentle feeling of liking or love for someone or something.

📘 中文释义:

喜爱;钟爱;感情;爱慕

📘 例句(Examples)

1️⃣ He shows great affection for his parents.

 他对父母充满深情。

2️⃣ She looked at the child with affection.

 她深情地看着那孩子。

3️⃣ The dog wagged its tail to show affection.

 那只狗摇尾巴表示喜爱。

4️⃣ Their friendship is built on mutual affection and respect.

 他们的友谊建立在相互的爱与尊重上。

📘 常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

deep / genuine affection

深厚/真挚的感情

show / express affection

表达感情

feel affection for sb/sth

对……有好感/爱意

win sb’s affection

赢得某人的爱慕

mutual affection

相互的爱

📘 同义词(Synonyms)

词汇

中文释义

语气

fondness

喜爱(温和)

程度轻

love

广泛、情感强烈

attachment

依恋

偏理性或心理学用语

devotion

忠诚、挚爱

程度强、常带牺牲色彩

📘 IELTS 高分例句

1️⃣ Family affection is vital to a child’s emotional development.

2️⃣ Animals are capable of showing affection towards humans.

3️⃣ The letter was written with great warmth and affection.

4️⃣ People often form emotional affection for places from their childhood.

🟩 affectionate

📘 音标:/əˈfekʃənət/

📘 词性:形容词 adj.

📘 词源:源于名词 affection(情感)+ 形容词后缀 -ate

🟦 一、定义(Definition)

affectionate — showing caring feelings and love for someone.

📘 中文释义:

充满深情的;表示关爱的;亲热的

📘 例句(Examples)

1️⃣ He gave her an affectionate hug before leaving.

 离开前他深情地抱了抱她。

2️⃣ She is a very affectionate mother.

 她是一位非常有爱的母亲。

3️⃣ The child was gentle and affectionate towards the animals.

 这孩子对动物很温柔,很有爱心。

4️⃣ They have an affectionate relationship built on trust.

 他们的关系充满信任与关爱。

📘 常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

affectionate gesture / hug / smile

充满爱意的动作/拥抱/微笑

be affectionate towards sb

对某人充满爱意

affectionate relationship

亲密关系

deeply affectionate

极具深情的

📗 同义词(Synonyms)

词汇

中文释义

用法差异

loving

有爱的;充满爱意的

日常中最常用

tender

温柔的;柔情的

强调情感的温度

caring

体贴的;关怀的

语气更实际

warm-hearted

热心的

偏向性格描述

📘 IELTS 高分例句

1️⃣ Children raised in an affectionate environment are more emotionally stable.

2️⃣ The teacher was both strict and affectionate with her students.

3️⃣ An affectionate family atmosphere fosters trust and empathy.

4️⃣ He greeted his grandmother with an affectionate kiss.

🟦 四、三词对比总结(Comparison Summary)

单词

词性

中文释义

常见搭配

IELTS 用法

affect

动词

影响;使感动

affect behavior / health / result

“影响”类作文高频动词

affection

名词

感情;爱慕;好感

feel/show affection

“家庭/情感”类话题常用

affectionate

形容词

充满深情的;亲热的

affectionate hug / smile

描写人物情感的好词

🏆 IELTS 写作与口语高分句精选

1️⃣ Economic instability can affect people’s quality of life and mental health.

2️⃣ Family affection plays a crucial role in children’s emotional growth.

3️⃣ She grew up in a warm and affectionate household.

4️⃣ Teachers should affect their students positively through encouragement and support.

5️⃣ Expressions of affection are essential for building strong relationships.

🟩 affiliate

📘 音标:

英 /əˈfɪlieɪt/  美 /əˈfɪlieɪt/

📘 词性:动词(verb) & 名词(noun)

📘 语域:正式(formal),常用于商业、机构、组织、传媒、国际关系等学术或专业语境。

📘 词源:来自拉丁语 ad(to)+ filiare(adopt as a son)→ “收为子成员”,引申为“附属、加入、隶属”。

🟦 一、动词:affiliate (v.)

to officially join or become connected with a larger organization or group

正式隶属于(某组织);使加入;使隶属

📘 中文释义

1️⃣ (使)隶属于;(使)加入

2️⃣ 与……有联系;并入

📘 例句(Examples)

1️⃣ The local club is affiliated to the national association.

 这个地方俱乐部隶属于全国性协会。

2️⃣ Our research center is affiliated with the University of Oxford.

 我们的研究中心附属于牛津大学。

3️⃣ Several smaller companies were affiliated with the parent corporation.

 几家小公司隶属于母公司。

4️⃣ The charity is affiliated to a global humanitarian organization.

 该慈善机构隶属于一家国际人道组织。

📘 常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例

affiliate with / to

隶属于、并入

The college is affiliated with a major university.

be affiliated to an organization

成为某组织成员

He’s affiliated to the Labour Party.

affiliate company / group / organization

附属公司/分支机构

The corporation owns several affiliate companies.

affiliate oneself with sth

主动加入、与……有联系

She chose to affiliate herself with the reform movement.

📘 IELTS 写作高分例句

1️⃣ Many research institutions affiliate with prestigious universities to enhance credibility.

2️⃣ International charities often affiliate with local NGOs to coordinate aid delivery.

3️⃣ The hospital is affiliated with a medical university for clinical training.

4️⃣ In the business world, small firms affiliate with larger corporations for mutual benefit.

📗 同义词(Synonyms)

词汇

含义

区别

associate

联系、联合

强调“关系”,不一定正式隶属

join

加入

普通口语用语,语气不如 affiliate 正式

ally

结盟

常用于政治或军事场景

merge

合并

强调成为同一实体,而 affiliate 强调保持独立关系

🟦 二、名词:affiliate (n.)

a person or an organization that is officially connected with a larger body

附属机构;分公司;成员组织

📘 中文释义

1️⃣ 附属机构;分支单位

2️⃣ 加盟组织;关联公司;成员单位

📘 例句(Examples)

1️⃣ The TV network and its overseas affiliates broadcast the same content.

 该电视网及其海外分支播放相同节目。

2️⃣ Each affiliate operates independently but follows the parent company’s policy.

 每个附属公司独立运营,但遵循母公司的政策。

3️⃣ The European Union has several affiliates in partner countries.

 欧盟在合作国家设有若干附属机构。

4️⃣ Students from affiliated colleges can access the main university library.

 附属学院的学生可以使用主校图书馆。

📘 常见搭配(Collocations)

短语

含义

示例

corporate affiliate

附属企业

The firm has corporate affiliates in Asia.

local affiliate

当地分支机构

The organization works through its local affiliates.

affiliate network

附属网络/分支体系

The company built a strong affiliate network worldwide.

affiliate program

联盟计划(营销)

Many websites offer an affiliate program for partners.

🟦 三、派生词(Word Family)

派生词

词性

含义

示例

affiliation

n.

从属关系;加入;联系

She has no political affiliation.(她没有任何政治派别。)

affiliated

adj.

附属的;隶属的

An affiliated company of Google operates in London.

📘 “affiliation” 高分搭配(IELTS / Academic)

短语

含义

political / religious affiliation

政治/宗教派别

institutional affiliation

机构隶属关系

university affiliation

附属大学/院校

affiliation agreement

隶属协议

📘 例句:

Applicants must state their institutional affiliation on the research proposal. His political affiliation influenced his policy decisions.

🟦 四、语法与用法注意(Grammar & Usage Notes)

项目

说明

常用介词

affiliate with / to(英式更偏向 to,美式常用 with)

动词形式

通常为被动:be affiliated with / to

语域

正式、学术、商业或组织结构领域

名词复数

affiliates(附属机构)

🟩 五、三词对比(Affiliate / Affiliation / Associated)

词汇

词性

含义

区别

affiliate

v./n.

(使)隶属;附属机构

正式加入某组织或集团

affiliation

n.

隶属关系;联系

指“隶属的状态或关系”

associate

v./n.

联系;同事;伙伴

比 affiliate 更松散、非正式

🟩 六、IELTS 写作高分句精选

1️⃣ Many colleges are affiliated with larger universities to gain academic recognition.

2️⃣ Political affiliation can significantly influence voting behavior.

3️⃣ The multinational company expanded through numerous affiliates across Europe.

4️⃣ Researchers must disclose their institutional affiliation when publishing papers.

5️⃣ Non-profit organizations often affiliate with government agencies to deliver aid programs.

🟩 七、总结表(Summary)

项目

内容

词性

动词 / 名词

核心义

(使)隶属、附属;附属机构

介词搭配

affiliate with / to

常见派生

affiliation(名词),affiliated(形容词)

语域

正式、学术、商业、政治、机构组织

雅思重点领域

教育机构关系、企业结构、社会组织、国际合作

🟩 affirm

📘 音标:/əˈfɜːm/(英) /əˈfɜːrm/(美)

📘 词性:动词 verb [T](正式用语 formal)

📘 语域:正式、法律、学术、心理学场景常用

📘 词源:拉丁语 affirmare(ad- “to” + firmare “make firm”)→ “确认,使坚定”

🟦 一、定义(Definition)

affirm (v.) — to state something firmly and publicly; to confirm that something is true or valid.

郑重声明;断言;确认;证实

📘 中文释义:

1️⃣ 断言;坚称(某事属实)

2️⃣ 确认;证实(某信念、政策、决定等)

3️⃣ (心理学)积极肯定;自我认同

📘 例句(Examples)

1️⃣ The government affirmed its commitment to improving education.

 政府重申了改善教育的承诺。

2️⃣ The witness affirmed that she had seen the suspect at the scene.

 证人确认她在现场见到了嫌疑人。

3️⃣ She affirmed her belief in equal opportunities for all.

 她坚定地表达了对人人平等机会的信念。

4️⃣ In therapy, patients are encouraged to affirm their self-worth.

 在心理治疗中,鼓励病人肯定自我价值。

📘 常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例

affirm one’s belief / faith / commitment

重申信念/信仰/承诺

They affirmed their belief in democracy.

affirm the right to…

确认……的权利

The Constitution affirms the right to freedom of speech.

affirm that + 从句

断言……

He affirmed that the results were accurate.

self-affirm

自我肯定

People should learn to self-affirm in stressful situations.

📘 IELTS 写作高分句

1️⃣ The declaration affirmed the importance of global cooperation.

2️⃣ The constitution affirms citizens’ right to freedom and equality.

3️⃣ Environmental studies affirm the urgent need for sustainable energy.

4️⃣ It is essential to affirm one’s cultural identity in a globalized world.

📗 同义词(Synonyms)

词汇

中文释义

区别

assert

断言(语气更强)

强调“有力陈述”

declare

宣布

正式公开场合使用

confirm

确认

强调“核实、证明”

maintain

坚持认为

表达持续信念

proclaim

宣告

语气更隆重或官方

📘 常见错误(Common Mistakes)

错误

正确

说明

❌ He affirmed to be right.

✅ He affirmed that he was right.

affirm 后用 “that + 从句”,不能直接加动词不定式。

🟩 affirmation

📘 音标:/ˌæfɜːˈmeɪʃn/(英) /ˌæfɜːrˈmeɪʃn/(美)

📘 词性:名词 noun [C, U]

📘 语域:正式、心理学、哲学、宗教、法律领域常见

📘 词源:来自动词 affirm → “affirmation” = “确认、肯定的陈述”

🟦 一、定义(Definition)

affirmation (n.) — a statement that something is true; confirmation; the act of affirming something.

肯定;断言;确认;积极的陈述

📘 中文释义:

1️⃣ 确认;肯定

2️⃣ (积极)自我肯定(psychological / motivational)

3️⃣ 正式声明;断言

📘 例句(Examples)

1️⃣ The report is an affirmation of the company’s success.

 该报告确认了公司的成功。

2️⃣ Daily affirmations can help improve self-esteem and confidence.

 每日积极的自我肯定有助于提升自尊与信心。

3️⃣ Her speech was a powerful affirmation of human dignity.

 她的演讲有力地重申了人类尊严的重要性。

4️⃣ The minister’s words were taken as an affirmation of the new policy.

 部长的话被视为对新政策的确认。

📘 常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

positive affirmation

积极的自我肯定

religious affirmation

宗教信仰的声明

moral / political affirmation

道德/政治立场的确认

affirmation of identity / belief / support

身份/信念/支持的确认

📘 IELTS 写作/口语示例

1️⃣ Freedom of speech is an affirmation of democratic values.

2️⃣ The agreement serves as an affirmation of both parties’ mutual trust.

3️⃣ Regular affirmations of personal goals can enhance motivation.

4️⃣ The Constitution provides an affirmation of individual rights.

📗 同义词(Synonyms)

词汇

含义

语气

confirmation

确认、证实

中性,偏事实

assertion

坚称、断言

语气较强

statement

陈述

中性,常用于一般场景

endorsement

认可、支持

强调“赞同”

proclamation

宣告、声明

语气庄严、官方

🟩 affirmative

📘 音标:/əˈfɜːmətɪv/

📘 词性:形容词 adj. & 名词 n.(正式)

📘 词源:拉丁语 affirmativus(assertive, confirming)

🟦 一、定义(Definition)

affirmative (adj.) — expressing agreement, support, or a positive response.

肯定的;表示同意的;积极的

📘 中文释义:

1️⃣ 肯定的(与否定 negative 相对)

2️⃣ 积极的;表示支持的

📘 例句(Examples)

1️⃣ She gave an affirmative answer to the proposal.

 她对这项提议给予了肯定的回答。

2️⃣ The committee took affirmative action to promote gender equality.

 委员会采取了积极行动以促进性别平等。

3️⃣ His reply was brief and affirmative.

 他的回答简短而肯定。

4️⃣ In logic, an affirmative statement asserts that something is true.

 在逻辑学中,肯定命题断言某事为真。

📘 名词用法(noun)

affirmative (n.) — a statement of agreement or a “yes” response.

肯定回答;赞同

📘 例句:

“Are you coming?” — “In the affirmative.”(= Yes.)  “你要来吗?”——“肯定。”

📘 常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

affirmative answer / response / reply

肯定的答复

affirmative action / policy

平权行动(尤其指对少数群体的积极政策)

in the affirmative

用肯定方式(回答)

affirmative sentence / statement

肯定句/肯定命题

📘 IELTS 高分用法

1️⃣ Governments should take affirmative action to ensure equal opportunities.

2️⃣ The speaker received an affirmative response from the audience.

3️⃣ The data provide an affirmative indication that the hypothesis is valid.

4️⃣ He nodded in the affirmative, showing his agreement.

🟦 派生词家族对比(Word Family Summary)

单词

词性

中文释义

常用场景

affirm

动词

断言;确认

法律、政治、心理、自信表达

affirmation

名词

肯定;声明;正向信念

学术、宗教、心理、哲学

affirmative

形容词 / 名词

肯定的;支持的;肯定回答

政策、语言学、答复表达

🟩 IELTS 高分句精选 🌟

1️⃣ The Constitution affirms the citizens’ right to freedom and equality.

2️⃣ The new policy is an affirmation of the government’s commitment to justice.

3️⃣ The audience responded with an affirmative cheer.

4️⃣ Positive affirmations help individuals build self-confidence and resilience.

5️⃣ Ethical leadership requires constantly affirming moral principles.

🟩 afford

📘 音标:/əˈfɔːd/(英) /əˈfɔːrd/(美)

📘 词性:动词 verb(常用:及物动词 vt.)

📘 语域:常用、正式与非正式场合都适用

📘 词源:古英语 geforthian(to accomplish, to carry out)→ “提供、给予能力”

🟦 一、定义(Definition)

afford (v.) — to have enough money, time, or ability to do something; to be able to provide something.

买得起;负担得起;承担得起;给予;提供

🟩 二、中文释义

1️⃣ 买得起

2️⃣ 负担得起(某种后果、代价)

3️⃣ 提供(某种机会、条件)(正式用法)

🟦 三、核心用法详解

🟢 1️⃣ 表示“买得起 / 负担得起”

can / could afford + 名词 / to do sth

📘 例句:

I can’t afford a new car right now.  我现在买不起新车。 We can’t afford to waste time.  我们浪费不起时间。 Few students can afford the high tuition fees.  很少有学生负担得起高额学费。

💡 语法提示:

“afford” 常与 “can / could” 连用。

不能单独说 “I afford it.”(❌),要说 “I can afford it.”(✅)

🟢 2️⃣ 表示“承受得起某种后果或风险”

📘 例句:

We can’t afford to lose any more time.  我们再也浪费不起时间了。 He could hardly afford another mistake.  他再也犯不起另一个错误了。 You can’t afford to ignore these warning signs.  你不能忽视这些警告信号。

🟢 3️⃣ 表示“给予、提供(正式用法)”

(常用于学术写作、文学、正式场合)

afford sb sth / afford sth to sb — provide or supply something.

📘 例句:

The room affords a beautiful view of the lake.  这个房间可以看到湖的美景。 The research affords new insight into climate change.  这项研究提供了关于气候变化的新见解。 The law affords protection to minorities.  这项法律为少数群体提供了保护。

💡 这种用法在 IELTS 写作 task 2 特别常见。

🟩 四、常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

中文释义

示例

can / could afford to do sth

能负担得起做某事

I can’t afford to fail.

afford the cost / expense / fee

负担费用

They can afford the rent.

afford protection / opportunity / access / view

提供保护 / 机会 / 途径 / 景观

The hotel affords a sea view.

afford the luxury of…

享受…的奢侈

We can’t afford the luxury of rest.

🟩 五、IELTS 写作高分表达 🌟

1️⃣ Many families cannot afford the rising cost of living.

 许多家庭负担不起不断上涨的生活成本。

2️⃣ Education should be affordable for everyone.

 教育应当人人都能负担得起。

3️⃣ The Internet affords students access to a vast amount of information.

 互联网为学生提供了获取大量信息的途径。

4️⃣ Developing countries cannot afford to ignore climate change.

 发展中国家无法承受忽视气候变化的后果。

🟩 六、派生词(Word Family)

单词

词性

中文释义

示例

afford

v.

负担得起;提供

We can’t afford it.

affordable

adj.

负担得起的(价格合理的)

Affordable housing is a social issue.

affordability

n.

可负担性;支付能力

The affordability of healthcare is decreasing.

🟩 七、常见错误(Common Mistakes)

错误

正确

说明

❌ I afford a new phone.

✅ I can afford a new phone.

需与 can / could 连用

❌ I can afford buy it.

✅ I can afford to buy it.

后接动词不定式

❌ The job afford money.

✅ The job affords opportunities.

“afford” 用于抽象事物的“提供”

🟩 八、同义词与区别(Synonyms)

词汇

含义

区别

provide

提供

强调“给予”

supply

供应

强调“物质供给”

grant

授予

正式用语,多用于权利或许可

offer

提供

较口语化

bear

承受

多用于“压力、痛苦、负担”

🟩 九、短语总结(Phrases)

短语

含义

can’t afford to lose / miss / fail

经不起失败 / 错过

afford sb the opportunity to do sth

给某人提供做某事的机会

afford a view of…

可看到……的景色

afford protection / safety / access

提供保护 / 安全 / 途径

🌸 小结:

🔹 afford 的核心含义是 “有能力去承担(钱、时间、风险)”。

🔹 IELTS 常考结构是 can’t afford to + 动词原形。

🔹 高级写作中可用 “afford + 抽象名词” 表示 “提供” 的正式语气。

🟩 afloat

📘 音标:/əˈfləʊt/(英) /əˈfloʊt/(美)

📘 词性:形容词 adj. & 副词 adv.

📘 词源:来自古英语 on flote —— “在水上漂浮的”

🟦 一、定义(Definition)

afloat — floating on water; having enough money to avoid debt or financial failure.

漂浮着的;在海上的;(经济上)能维持下去的;未倒闭的

🟩 二、中文释义

1️⃣ 漂浮的;浮在水面的

2️⃣ 在航行的;在海上的

3️⃣ (比喻)经济上勉强维持;未破产的

4️⃣ (情绪、想法)流传的;弥漫的(文学用法)

🟦 三、主要用法与例句

🟢 1️⃣ 漂浮在水上(literal meaning)

表示“漂浮的”“浮在水面上的”

📘 例句:

They managed to keep the boat afloat until help arrived.  他们设法让船漂浮着,直到救援到来。 The ship stayed afloat despite the heavy storm.  尽管风暴很大,船仍然没有沉没。 After the crash, the survivors held onto pieces of wreckage to stay afloat.  坠毁后,幸存者抓着残骸漂浮在水上。

🟢 2️⃣ 在海上航行;漂泊的

📘 例句:

The sailors spent months afloat in the Pacific Ocean.  水手们在太平洋上漂泊了几个月。 There were hundreds of fishing boats afloat near the coast.  海岸附近有上百艘渔船漂浮着。

🟢 3️⃣ (比喻)经济上维持下去;未破产的

表示“财务上勉强支撑”“没有倒闭”“维持经营”。

常用搭配:keep / stay / remain afloat

📘 例句:

The company managed to stay afloat during the economic crisis.  公司在经济危机中设法维持了下去。 They borrowed money to keep the business afloat.  他们借钱让公司继续维持运转。 Government subsidies helped small firms remain afloat.  政府补贴帮助小企业避免倒闭。

💡 IELTS 写作用法:

In difficult economic times, many small businesses struggle to stay afloat.

在经济困难时期,许多小型企业努力维持生存。

🟢 4️⃣ (文学)弥漫着;传播着(抽象意义)

📘 例句:

Rumours of change were afloat in the city.  城市里流传着变革的传言。 There’s excitement afloat among the crowd.  人群中洋溢着兴奋的气氛。 Hopes were afloat after the announcement of the new policy.  新政策公布后,人们重新燃起了希望。

🟩 四、常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例

stay / keep / remain afloat

维持生存(字面或比喻)

The company managed to stay afloat.

set afloat

使漂浮;下水

The ship was set afloat after repairs.

keep sth afloat

让某事物继续存在、运转

Loans kept the project afloat.

rumours / hopes / stories afloat

谣言、希望等流传、弥漫

Rumours were afloat.

🟩 五、IELTS / Academic 用法 🌟

💼 Economic Context (经济语境)

Used metaphorically to describe financial survival or stability.

📘 示例:

1️⃣ Many small enterprises rely on government aid to stay afloat during recessions.

 许多小企业在经济衰退期间依靠政府援助维持生存。

2️⃣ The tourism industry struggled to remain afloat after the pandemic.

 疫情之后,旅游业努力维持运营。

3️⃣ Investment is crucial to keep public services afloat.

 投资对于维持公共服务的运作至关重要。

🟩 六、语法与用法(Grammar & Usage)

用法

说明

✅ 可作形容词或副词

He is afloat. / The boat is afloat.

❌ 不加冠词

不能说 an afloat boat;应说 a boat that is afloat。

⚠️ 常与 “keep / stay / remain” 连用

Stay afloat = 保持漂浮 / 生存。

🟩 七、词族与相关词(Word Family)

单词

词性

中文释义

float

v./n.

漂浮;浮动

floating

adj.

漂浮的;流动的

afloat

adj./adv.

漂浮的;维持着的

buoyant

adj.

能浮起的;(经济)繁荣的

sink

v.

下沉;失败

🟩 八、同义词与区别(Synonyms & Differences)

词汇

含义

区别

floating

漂浮的(更中性、客观)

The boat is floating.

buoyant

漂浮的;乐观的

A buoyant mood / economy.

afloat

漂浮;维持(比喻)

The firm stayed afloat.

🟩 九、固定表达总结

表达

含义

keep the business afloat

维持公司运转

stay afloat

不沉没;不破产

rumours afloat

谣言四起

set sth afloat

使……漂浮 / 启动某事

remain afloat

持续存在;不倒闭

🟩 十、IELTS 写作高分句 🌟

1️⃣ Governments must provide financial support to keep struggling sectors afloat.

 政府必须提供财政支持,以帮助困难行业维持生存。

2️⃣ The company’s new investment plan helped it stay afloat in a competitive market.

 新的投资计划帮助公司在竞争激烈的市场中生存下来。

3️⃣ Rumours are afloat that the university will raise tuition fees again.

 有传言说大学将再次提高学费。

4️⃣ Tourism revenue keeps many coastal towns afloat.

 旅游收入支撑着许多沿海城镇的经济。

🟩 十一、总结表(Summary Table)

项目

内容

词性

adj. / adv.

发音

/əˈfləʊt/

核心义

漂浮的;未倒闭的;流传的

比喻义

财务上维持;勉强生存

常搭配

stay / keep / remain afloat

IELTS领域

business, economy, finance, survival, transport

🟩 aforesaid

📘 音标:/əˈfɔːsed/(英) /əˈfɔːrˌsed/(美)

📘 词性:形容词 adjective(仅用于正式或法律文体)

📘 语域:极正式;法律、合同、公文、条约用语

📘 词源:中世纪英语 afore(= before)+ said(= mentioned) → “前述的”

🟦 一、定义(Definition)

aforesaid (adj.) — mentioned earlier; previously stated.

前述的;上述的(仅用于正式或法律文体)

🟩 二、中文释义

1️⃣ (正式或法律用语)前述的;上述的;先前提及的

 ➡️ 用来指代文件、声明、合同、法律条文中先前提到的内容或人。

🟦 三、用法详解(Usage Notes)

通常用于书面法律文本或官方文件中, 例如:contracts, regulations, legal statements, academic treatises。 相当于一般书面英语中的 the above-mentioned / the aforementioned。 在现代正式写作中,“aforesaid” 被认为 略显古老或庄重, 但在 法律、章程、合同 中依然非常常见。

🟦 四、例句(Examples)

🟢 1️⃣ 法律与合同语境

The aforesaid agreement shall remain valid for five years.  上述协议应在五年内保持有效。 The parties to the aforesaid contract must comply with all terms and conditions.  前述合同的各方必须遵守所有条款和条件。 The aforesaid company shall bear full responsibility for any damages.  上述公司应承担所有损害赔偿责任。 The aforesaid property is hereby transferred to the buyer.  特此将上述财产转让给买方。

🟢 2️⃣ 学术 / 官方文件语气

The aforesaid issues will be discussed in greater detail in Chapter 3.  上述问题将在第三章中详细讨论。 According to the aforesaid research, climate change has intensified coastal erosion.  根据前述研究,气候变化加剧了海岸侵蚀。

🟩 五、常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例

the aforesaid person / company / party

上述的人 / 公司 / 一方

The aforesaid party agrees to the terms.

the aforesaid agreement / contract / property

上述合同 / 协议 / 财产

The aforesaid contract was signed yesterday.

the aforesaid clause / section / paragraph

上述条款 / 段落

As stated in the aforesaid clause.

the aforesaid reasons / conditions

前述原因 / 条件

Due to the aforesaid reasons.

🟩 六、同义词与区别(Synonyms & Differences)

词汇

语体

含义

用法区别

aforesaid

法律 / 正式

前述的

多用于法律、公文

aforementioned

正式 / 学术

上述的;前面提到的

较现代、常用于学术写作

above-mentioned

一般正式

上述的

可用于一般正式场合

said(法律英语)

法律

上述的(简写)

e.g. the said property(= the aforesaid property)

📘 小贴士:

在 IELTS 学术写作中,aforementioned 比 “aforesaid” 更自然常用。 “aforesaid” 更常见于 legal documents / contracts / policy texts。

🟩 七、语法结构(Grammar Notes)

特点

说明

✅ 仅作定语

用于名词前修饰,如 the aforesaid agreement

❌ 不作表语

不说 The agreement is aforesaid.

⚠️ 通常与定冠词 the 连用

the aforesaid clause(正确)

⚖️ 语气极正式

口语或普通写作中一般不用

🟩 八、IELTS / Academic 用法示例 🌟

虽然 “aforesaid” 太正式不常见于 IELTS,

但它可用于 高分学术类 Task 2 或法律类作文 展示正式文体掌握度。

📘 示例:

1️⃣ The aforesaid data clearly demonstrate a rising trend in urban pollution.

 上述数据清楚地显示出城市污染的上升趋势。

2️⃣ Based on the aforesaid evidence, it can be concluded that renewable energy is essential for sustainable growth.

 根据前述证据,可以得出可再生能源对可持续发展至关重要的结论。

3️⃣ The aforesaid legislation was enacted to protect consumer rights.

 上述立法旨在保护消费者权益。

🟩 九、与 “aforementioned” 的区别总结

对比点

aforesaid

aforementioned

文体

极正式 / 法律用语

学术正式 / 普通正式

常用领域

法律、合同、章程

学术论文、报告

语气

古典、庄重

现代、自然

替代

= “said” 或 “above-mentioned”

= “previously mentioned”

IELTS 建议

不推荐使用(太正式)

✅ 推荐使用

📘 例句对比:

(Legal) The aforesaid property shall be transferred to the buyer. (Academic) The aforementioned property shall be transferred to the buyer.

🟩 十、总结表(Summary Table)

项目

内容

词性

形容词(正式/法律用)

发音

/əˈfɔːsed/

核心义

前述的;上述的

常用场合

合同、法律条款、章程、公文

常用搭配

the aforesaid party / agreement / reasons

现代替代表达

aforementioned / above-mentioned

语体

极正式、法律风格

🌸 总结一句话:

aforesaid 是一个极正式、法律性的词,意为“前述的”,

现代学术写作推荐使用更自然的替代词 aforementioned 或 above-mentioned。