🟩 afraid
📘 音标:/əˈfreɪd/
📘 词性:形容词 adjective(表语形容词,仅作表语,不作定语)
📘 语域:常用、通用(口语 + 正式写作)
📘 词源:来自古法语 esfreer(使害怕),拉丁语 ex + frigus(冷)→ “感到寒意 → 害怕”
🟦 一、定义(Definition)
afraid (adj.) — feeling fear; worried that something unpleasant may happen; unwilling to do something because of fear or respect.
害怕的;担心的;不情愿的;恐惧的
🟩 二、中文释义
1️⃣ 害怕的;恐惧的(因某事或某人而感到害怕)
2️⃣ 担心的;忧虑的(担心不好的事情发生)
3️⃣ 不愿的;不好意思的(礼貌表达)
4️⃣ (正式表达歉意)恐怕;遗憾地说(I’m afraid)
🟦 三、语法与结构(Grammar & Structures)
用法
说明
示例
✅ be afraid of + 名词 / 动名词(-ing)
害怕某人 / 某物 / 某事
She is afraid of spiders.
✅ be afraid to + 动词原形
因害怕而不敢做某事
He was afraid to speak in public.
✅ be afraid (that) + 从句
担心某事会发生
I’m afraid (that) it’s too late.
✅ I’m afraid + 陈述句
委婉表达遗憾 / 拒绝 / 不好的消息
I’m afraid I can’t help you.
📘 注意:
“afraid” 只能作表语,❌ 不能说 an afraid child(错误),
应说 ✅ a frightened child 或 a scared child。
🟦 四、核心用法详解与例句
🟢 1️⃣ 表示“害怕、恐惧” (feeling fear)
📘 结构:be afraid of + n./doing sth
She’s afraid of the dark. 她害怕黑暗。 He’s afraid of flying. 他害怕坐飞机。 Don’t be afraid of making mistakes when you speak English. 说英语时不要害怕犯错。
🟢 2️⃣ 表示“不敢做某事” (afraid to do sth)
📘 结构:be afraid to + 动词原形
I was afraid to open the door. 我不敢开门。 She is afraid to speak in front of strangers. 她不敢在陌生人面前说话。
💡 对比:
afraid of doing sth → 害怕做某事(担心后果) afraid to do sth → 不敢去做(因为害怕)
📘 例子对比:
He’s afraid of falling.(担心会摔) He’s afraid to jump.(不敢跳)
🟢 3️⃣ 表示“担心 / 忧虑” (worried or anxious)
📘 结构:be afraid (that) + 从句
I’m afraid (that) we’re lost. 我担心我们迷路了。 She was afraid (that) she might fail the test. 她担心自己可能考试不及格。 I’m afraid (that) it’s going to rain. 恐怕要下雨了。
🟢 4️⃣ 表示“礼貌 / 委婉地拒绝、表达遗憾” (polite expression)
📘 常用结构:I’m afraid + 陈述句
💬 常用于表达遗憾、不便、不同意或不好的消息。
I’m afraid I can’t come to the meeting. 恐怕我不能参加会议。 I’m afraid you’ve made a mistake. 恐怕你搞错了。 I’m afraid that’s not possible. 恐怕那不可能。
💡 IELTS 小贴士:
“I’m afraid” 是 礼貌表达拒绝或传递坏消息 的万能句式。
可用于口语 Part 3 或写作 Task 1、Task 2 中,替代 “unfortunately”。
🟩 五、常见搭配(Collocations)
搭配
含义
示例
be afraid of sth / sb
害怕某人/事物
She’s afraid of dogs.
be afraid to do sth
不敢做某事
He’s afraid to ask.
I’m afraid (that)
恐怕 / 礼貌拒绝
I’m afraid we can’t agree.
afraid for sb / sth
为某人担心
I’m afraid for his safety.
📘 示例:
I’m afraid for her — she’s driving in a storm. 我为她担心——她在暴风雨中开车。
🟩 六、同义词辨析(Synonyms & Differences)
词汇
含义
语气 / 用法
afraid
害怕;担心(常作表语)
最普通用法;强调心理恐惧
frightened
害怕的;惊恐的
突然被吓到,语气更强
scared
害怕的;惊吓的(口语)
非正式,常用于口语
terrified
极度恐惧的
强调“吓坏了”
fearful
担心的(正式)
比较文学化或书面语
apprehensive
忧虑的;担心的
正式;强调“对未来的不安”
📘 对比:
I’m afraid of spiders.(普通恐惧) I’m terrified of spiders.(吓得要命) I’m apprehensive about the exam.(担心考试结果)
🟩 七、常见错误(Common Mistakes)
错误
正确
说明
❌ an afraid person
✅ a frightened person
“afraid” 不作定语
❌ I’m afraid from snakes.
✅ I’m afraid of snakes.
用 “of” 不是 “from”
❌ He afraid to go.
✅ He is afraid to go.
缺少系动词 “be”
🟩 八、IELTS 学术与口语用法 🌟
💬 口语中常用表达:
1️⃣ I’m afraid I don’t really agree with that idea.
恐怕我不太同意这个观点。
2️⃣ I’m afraid I didn’t catch your question.
不好意思,我没听清你的问题。
3️⃣ I was afraid of disappointing my parents.
我害怕让父母失望。
✍️ 写作中可用表达:
1️⃣ Many people are afraid of losing their jobs due to automation.
许多人害怕因自动化而失业。
2️⃣ Governments are often afraid to take decisive action on climate change.
政府往往害怕在气候变化问题上采取果断行动。
3️⃣ Some parents are afraid that technology isolates their children from society.
一些家长担心科技让孩子与社会疏远。
🟩 九、词族(Word Family)
单词
词性
含义
afraid
adj.
害怕的;担心的
fear
n./v.
害怕;恐惧;担忧
fearful
adj.
害怕的;令人害怕的
fearless
adj.
无畏的;勇敢的
fearsome
adj.
可怕的;骇人的
🟩 十、总结表(Summary Table)
项目
内容
词性
adj.(表语)
发音
/əˈfreɪd/
中文释义
害怕的;担心的;不愿的
常用结构
be afraid of / be afraid to / I’m afraid (that)
语体
通用(口语 + 正式写作)
同义词
frightened, scared, terrified
IELTS 高分用法
“I’m afraid (that)…” → 委婉拒绝;“be afraid of doing” → 担心结果
🌸 一句话总结:
afraid = 害怕 + 担心 + 礼貌表达。
不能作定语,只能作表语;
IELTS 口语中是表达“恐怕…”、“担心…”的高频万能词。
🟩 Africa
📘 音标:/ˈæfrɪkə/
📘 词性:noun (名词)
📘 语法分类:专有名词(proper noun — 专指大陆名,不加冠词)
📘 语域:正式 / 学术 / 通用
📘 词源:来自拉丁语 Africa terra(“Afri 人之地”),古罗马用于指北非地区。
🟦 一、定义(Definition)
Africa (n.) — the second largest continent, located mainly in the southern hemisphere, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.
非洲(世界第二大洲,主要位于南半球,介于大西洋和印度洋之间)
🟩 二、中文释义
1️⃣ 非洲(世界七大洲之一)
🌍 位于欧洲以南,亚洲以西,濒临地中海、大西洋和印度洋。
> Africa is home to 54 independent countries.
> 非洲有 54 个独立国家。
2️⃣ 非洲地区、非洲大陆(泛指该地的地理、政治、文化或经济概念)
> Economic growth in Africa has accelerated in recent years.
> 近年来非洲的经济增长加快了。
🟦 三、语法与用法(Grammar & Usage)
用法
说明
示例
✅ Africa(专有名词)
不加冠词 “the”
✅ He travelled to Africa last year.
⚠️ the African continent
表强调或正式语体
✅ Climate change is affecting the African continent.
✅ African (adj./n.)
表“非洲的;非洲人”
✅ African culture / African languages / an African student
📘 注意:
❌ the Africa(错误) ✅ in Africa / from Africa / to Africa(正确介词搭配)
🟩 四、常用搭配(Collocations)
搭配
含义
示例
in Africa
在非洲
He has worked in Africa for five years.
from Africa
来自非洲
Lions are native to Africa.
to Africa
去非洲
Many volunteers travel to Africa each year.
African countries
非洲国家
There are many developing African countries.
African continent
非洲大陆
The African continent has rich natural resources.
🟩 五、扩展用法(Extended Usage)
🌍 地理与文化
Africa covers about 30 million square kilometres, nearly 20% of the Earth’s land area. 非洲面积约三千万平方公里,占地球陆地面积的 20%。 Major regions: North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, East Africa, West Africa, Southern Africa. 主要分区:北非、撒哈拉以南非洲、东非、西非、南非。 Example countries: Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Ethiopia.
🟩 六、同源词族(Word Family)
单词
词性
含义
示例
Africa
n.
非洲
Africa is rich in natural resources.
African
adj./n.
非洲的;非洲人
African culture is diverse and ancient.
Afro-
前缀
“非洲的;非裔的”
Afro-Asian relations(亚非关系)
🟩 七、IELTS 写作 & 口语高分用法 🌟
✍️ 写作中可用表达:
1️⃣ Africa is one of the fastest-growing regions in the world.
非洲是全球增长最快的地区之一。
2️⃣ Many African countries are investing heavily in education and technology.
许多非洲国家正大力投资教育和科技。
3️⃣ Poverty and inequality remain major challenges across Africa.
贫困与不平等仍是整个非洲的主要挑战。
💬 口语表达示例:
“I’d love to travel to Africa one day to see the wildlife and diverse cultures.” 我希望有一天能去非洲看看那里的野生动物和多样文化。 “My friend works in Africa as a medical volunteer.” 我的朋友在非洲做医疗志愿者。
🟩 八、相关词汇拓展(Academic Vocabulary)
词汇
含义
示例
Sub-Saharan Africa
撒哈拉以南非洲
Education access in Sub-Saharan Africa has improved.
North Africa
北非
North Africa includes Egypt, Libya, and Morocco.
African Union (AU)
非洲联盟
The African Union promotes regional cooperation.
African diaspora
非洲侨民 / 非裔群体
The African diaspora has influenced global culture.
🟩 九、总结(Summary)
项目
内容
词性
名词(专有名词)
发音
/ˈæfrɪkə/
中文释义
非洲;非洲大陆
语法
不加冠词 “the”;可作介词宾语
相关词族
African(非洲的/人),Afro-(前缀)
IELTS 常用搭配
in Africa / African countries / African continent
🌸 一句话总结:
Africa 是世界第二大洲,IELTS 写作中常用于国际发展、气候变化、经济与文化多样性等话题。
记住:不加 the,搭配介词 in / to / from Africa 即可。
🟩 after
📘 音标:/ˈɑːftə(r)/(英); /ˈæftər/(美)
📘 词性:prep. / adv. / conj. / adj.
📘 语域:通用(口语 + 学术均常见)
📘 词源:来自古英语 æfter,意为“following, later than”。
🟦 一、核心含义(Core Meaning)
after — coming later than something in time, place, or order; in pursuit of or as a result of something.
在……之后;跟随;由于;根据;追求
🟩 二、主要用法与释义
🟢 1️⃣ prep.(介词)
(1) 在……之后(时间)
later than something; following something in time
I’ll call you after lunch. 我午饭后给你打电话。 After two years abroad, she returned home. 在国外待了两年后,她回国了。
📘 IELTS 用法:
after + 名词 / 动名词 / 从句
After finishing the project, they celebrated. After she finished, they started the meeting.
(2) 在……之后(顺序 / 次序)
following somebody/something in order or importance
Your name comes after mine on the list. 名单上你的名字在我之后。
(3) 模仿;仿照;以……命名
in the style of; in honour of
The painting is after Picasso. 这幅画仿照毕加索的风格。 He was named after his grandfather. 他以祖父的名字命名。
(4) 追寻;追赶
trying to catch or obtain
The police are after him. 警察在追捕他。 She’s after a new job. 她正在寻找新工作。
(5) 关于;涉及(英式较正式)
concerning
How is your father after the operation? 你父亲手术后情况怎么样?
🟢 2️⃣ adv.(副词)
(1) 以后;后来
later in time; subsequently
I’ll see you after.(= later) 回头见。 He left soon after. 他不久之后就离开了。
(2) 紧接着;随后
in succession
One after another, they left the room. 他们一个接一个离开房间。
🟢 3️⃣ conj.(连词)
after + 从句 = 在……之后(时间从句)
After he finished his work, he went home. 他完成工作后回了家。
📘 注意:
在表示“时间”时,从句中常用一般过去时,主句中用过去完成时或过去时。
✅ After he had eaten, he left the room.
🟢 4️⃣ adj.(形容词)
(only before noun) coming later
the after effect of the drug 药物的后效应 after-school activities 课外活动
🟩 三、常见固定搭配(Common Collocations)
搭配
含义
示例
after all
毕竟;终究
After all, he’s only human.
day after day / year after year
一天又一天 / 一年又一年
She waited patiently, day after day.
soon after
不久之后
Soon after, he became famous.
one after another
一个接一个地
They entered one after another.
after a while
过了一会儿
After a while, things got better.
after that
之后
After that, we went home.
after you!
您先请!(礼貌)
—“Please, after you.”
look after
照顾
She looks after her grandmother.
take after
像(某亲属)
She takes after her mother.
🟩 四、同义词比较(Synonym Comparison)
词汇
含义
区别
after
在……之后
普通用法
following
随后的(较正式)
多用于正式书面语,如 following the meeting
subsequent to
随后(正式)
多用于学术写作
later than
比……晚
口语/说明性语句
📘 IELTS 写作示例:
Following the meeting, the committee decided to postpone the project.
(比 “After the meeting” 更正式,适合学术写作)
🟩 五、语法对比:after doing / after + clause
结构
示例
含义
after doing sth
After finishing the exam, we went out.
完成动作后立即
after sb does sth
After she arrives, we’ll start.
将来动作
after sb had done sth
After he had left, I came.
过去完成动作
🟩 六、IELTS Academic 用法 🌟
✍️ 写作示例:
1️⃣ After years of research, scientists finally discovered the cause.
经过多年的研究,科学家终于发现了原因。
2️⃣ After completing their studies, many students choose to work abroad.
完成学业后,许多学生选择出国工作。
3️⃣ After the introduction of new technology, production efficiency increased significantly.
引入新技术后,生产效率显著提高。
💬 口语表达示例:
“Let’s meet after class.” 我们下课后见。 “I’ll call you after I get home.” 我到家后给你打电话。 “After all, we’re friends.” 毕竟,我们是朋友。
🟩 七、词族与派生(Word Family)
词汇
词性
含义
after
prep./adv./conj.
之后
afterwards
adv.
后来;之后(更正式)
afternoon
n.
下午
afterlife
n.
来世;死后世界
aftereffect
n.
后效;余波
afterthought
n.
事后想法
🟩 八、总结表(Summary Table)
项目
内容
词性
介词 / 副词 / 连词 / 形容词
发音
/ˈɑːftə(r)/
核心义
“在……之后” (时间 / 顺序 / 原因 / 模仿)
主要结构
after + n. / after doing / after + clause
常见短语
after all, look after, take after
IELTS 高分替换
following, subsequent to
语体
通用(适用于口语与学术写作)
🌸 一句话总结:
after 表示“之后”,既能用于时间、顺序、追随,也能构成大量固定短语。
IELTS 写作中常可替换为 following / subsequent to 提升正式度。
🟩 again
📘 音标:/əˈɡen/ 或 /əˈɡeɪn/
📘 词性:adverb(副词)
📘 语域:常用(口语 + 学术写作均可)
📘 词源:来自古英语 ongean(意为 “toward, opposite, back”) → 逐渐演变为 “back / once more”。
🟦 一、核心含义(Core Meaning)
again — once more; another time; back to a previous condition or place.
再一次;又;重新;回到原处或原状
🟩 二、主要释义与用法(Meanings & Usages)
🟢 1️⃣ 再一次;又一次(重复)
once more; one more time
Could you say that again? 你能再说一遍吗? I’ll never do it again. 我再也不会那样做了。 She failed the exam, but she’ll try again next year. 她考试没过,但明年会再考一次。
📘 IELTS 用法:
用于口语中表示“重申”或“再次说明”。
✅ “Could you explain that again?”
✅ “Let’s go over this again to make sure it’s clear.”
🟢 2️⃣ 回到原来的地方或状态
back to a previous place or condition
He’s feeling better again after being sick for weeks. 他病了几周,现在又感觉好多了。 The computer is working again. 电脑又能用了。 She smiled again after hearing the good news. 听到好消息后她又笑了。
🟢 3️⃣ (用于比较)另一方面;再说;不过
used to introduce another point or contrast
Again, we should consider the cost before making a decision. 另一方面,在决定前我们应该考虑成本。 It’s expensive, but then again, it’s worth the money. 它很贵,但话又说回来,也值这个价。
📘 IELTS 小贴士:
在写作或口语中,again 可用于逻辑衔接,表示“再者”、“换句话说”。
✅ “Again, this shows the importance of education.”
(= Furthermore / In addition)
🟢 4️⃣ (正式)反复地;多次地
repeatedly; many times
He knocked on the door again and again, but no one answered. 他一遍又一遍地敲门,但没人回应。
📘 常用结构:
again and again = over and over again(一次又一次地)
✅ You must practise again and again to improve.
🟩 三、常见短语(Common Collocations)
短语
含义
示例
once again
再一次(强调重复)
Once again, thank you for your help.
over and over (again)
一次又一次
She read the letter over and over again.
time and again
反复地;屡次
Time and again, he warned us of the risks.
then again
另一方面;不过
I might go — but then again, I might not.
now and again
偶尔;有时
We meet for lunch now and again.
🟩 四、语法与位置(Grammar & Position)
句中位置
示例
说明
句末
Could you tell me that again?
最常见位置
动词后
He looked again at the map.
表“再次”
句首 / 连接句
Again, this evidence supports the argument.
表“再者 / 另一方面”
短语中
again and again, once again
表“反复 / 强调”
🟩 五、IELTS 写作与口语用法 🌟
✍️ 写作 Task 2 示例:
1️⃣ Again, this highlights the importance of government intervention.
再者,这进一步说明政府干预的重要性。
2️⃣ Once again, education plays a key role in reducing inequality.
再一次,教育在减少不平等中起关键作用。
3️⃣ The economy has started to grow again after a period of recession.
经济在衰退一段时间后又开始增长。
💬 口语表达:
1️⃣ “Could you say that again, please?”(礼貌请求)
2️⃣ “I’d love to visit Paris again someday.”(表达愿望)
3️⃣ “It’s good to see you again!”(日常问候)
🟩 六、常见同义词(Synonyms & Nuances)
词汇
含义
区别
again
再一次
最常用、最自然的选择
once more
再一次(稍正式)
强调重复动作
afresh
重新;以新方式
带有“焕然一新”意味
anew
再次(文学 / 正式)
多用于书面语,如 begin anew
repeatedly
一再地
强调频率,而非单次重复
📘 举例:
Try again → 再试一次(简单重复) Start afresh → 重新开始(新的开始) Warned repeatedly → 一再警告(强调多次)
🟩 七、词族(Word Family)
单词
词性
含义
示例
again
adv.
再次;又
Let’s meet again tomorrow.
again and again
短语
一次又一次
He practised again and again.
once again
短语
再一次(正式)
Once again, thank you all.
now and again
短语
不时地;偶尔
We go hiking now and again.
🟩 八、总结表(Summary Table)
项目
内容
词性
副词 (adverb)
发音
/əˈɡen/ 或 /əˈɡeɪn/
核心义
“再一次;又;重新;回到原状”
常用短语
once again / again and again / time and again / now and again / then again
IELTS 高分用法
用作逻辑连接(“再者,再一次强调”)或表示恢复状态(“再次增长”)
语体
通用(适用于口语、正式写作、学术场合)
🌸 一句话总结:
again = “再一次 / 又 / 重新”。
在 IELTS 中既能表达“重复”(再一次),又能作逻辑衔接词(再者 / 另一方面)。
常见变体如 once again, again and again, then again 是高分表达利器。
🟩 against
📘 音标:/əˈɡenst/ 或 /əˈɡeɪnst/
📘 词性:preposition(介词)
📘 语体:通用(口语 + 正式写作 + 学术均常用)
📘 词源:源自古英语 ongēan(意为“toward, opposite”),逐渐演变为“对抗、反对、紧靠”等多义介词。
🟦 一、核心含义(Core Meaning)
against — in opposition to; in contact with; to protect from; as a contrast to.
反对;对着;紧靠;防备;对比;违背
🟩 二、主要释义与例句(Main Meanings & Examples)
🟢 1️⃣ 反对;与…对立(opposing / in opposition to)
used to show that you oppose or disagree with somebody/something.
Many people are against the new law. 许多人反对这项新法律。 We must unite against corruption. 我们必须团结起来反对腐败。 The result was 20 votes for, 10 against. 投票结果是20票赞成,10票反对。
📘 IELTS 写作例句:
“Some people are against animal testing for ethical reasons.”
(有些人出于道德原因反对动物实验。)
🟢 2️⃣ (比赛、战争中)对;与…竞争(opposing somebody/something in a game, etc.)
in competition with somebody/something
England will play against France tomorrow. 英格兰队明天将对阵法国队。 He’s fighting against a stronger opponent. 他正与一个更强的对手较量。
📘 IELTS 小贴士:
在学术写作中也可作“对照 / 对比”意,如:
“The findings are compared against previous studies.”
(这些研究结果与以往研究进行了对比。)
🟢 3️⃣ 倚;靠;紧贴(touching somebody/something for support)
in physical contact with something
She leaned against the wall. 她靠在墙上。 The ladder is standing against the tree. 梯子靠在树上。 He pressed his face against the window. 他把脸贴在窗户上。
🟢 4️⃣ 防备;抵御(for protection from / to prevent harm)
in order to prevent something bad
Vaccination protects children against disease. 疫苗能保护孩子免受疾病侵害。 Insurance provides financial protection against accidents. 保险能防止意外造成经济损失。 Take precautions against theft. 采取防盗措施。
📘 IELTS 写作示例:
“Education can act as a safeguard against poverty.”
(教育可以作为防止贫困的保障。)
🟢 5️⃣ 违反;违背(contrary to / breaking a rule, law, etc.)
not following or in conflict with something (such as a rule, law, or principle)
It’s against the law to drive without a license. 无照驾驶是违法的。 Stealing is against the school rules. 偷窃违反了学校规定。 He spoke against his own principles. 他说的话违背了自己的原则。
🟢 6️⃣ 以…为背景;映衬;衬托(as a contrast / background)
in contrast with or compared to something
The white sails stood out against the blue sky. 白色的船帆在蓝天映衬下格外显眼。 Her red dress looked beautiful against the snow. 她的红裙子在雪地映衬下格外美丽。
📘 IELTS 写作:
“The results were analysed against a range of economic indicators.”
(研究结果与一系列经济指标进行对比分析。)
🟢 7️⃣ 以防…;以备…(in preparation for / to prevent possible harm)
preparing for or protecting from possible future events
Save money against future needs. 为将来的需要存钱。 Precautions were taken against fire. 采取了防火措施。
🟩 三、常见搭配(Common Collocations)
短语
含义
示例
go against
违背;对抗
It goes against my nature to lie.
turn against
背叛;转而反对
Public opinion turned against the government.
stand against
抵抗;反对
He stood firmly against discrimination.
fight against
抗争;斗争
They are fighting against injustice.
lean against
靠在…上
She leaned against the door.
protect against
防止;保护免受
This vaccine protects against influenza.
act against
采取行动反对
We must act against climate change.
discriminate against
歧视
Women should not be discriminated against.
🟩 四、语法与结构(Grammar Notes)
✅ 用作介词(不能单独作副词)
常接名词、代词或动名词(-ing):
结构
示例
against + 名词
against the wall / against the rules
against + 动名词
against smoking / against driving without a license
against + 名词从句(形式宾语)
They voted against the proposal.
🟩 五、IELTS 写作与口语应用 🌟
✍️ 写作 Task 2 示例:
1️⃣ Many people are strongly against animal testing due to ethical concerns.
许多人出于道德原因坚决反对动物实验。
2️⃣ Governments should implement laws against discrimination.
政府应制定反歧视法律。
3️⃣ Preventive measures against pollution are essential for sustainable development.
防止污染的预防措施对可持续发展至关重要。
💬 口语示例:
“I’m against the idea of raising taxes.” 我反对提高税收的想法。 “He leaned against the window, watching the rain.” 他靠在窗前,看着雨。 “Are you for or against this proposal?” 你赞成还是反对这个提议?
🟩 六、同义词与近义表达(Synonyms & Nuances)
词汇
适用语境
示例
opposing
正式;用于竞争、战争
opposing forces / opposing teams
contrary to
正式;书面语
contrary to expectations
versus (vs.)
体育、法律
Manchester United vs. Liverpool
in opposition to
正式书面语
They voted in opposition to the proposal.
🟩 七、常见错误 ⚠️
错误
正确
说明
❌ He is against to smoking.
✅ He is against smoking.
against 后不用 to
❌ They are fighting with poverty.
✅ They are fighting against poverty.
表“对抗”用 against
❌ She leaned on the wall(语义不同)
✅ She leaned against the wall.
on 表“接触”,against 表“靠着支撑”
🟩 八、总结表(Summary Table)
项目
内容
词性
介词 (preposition)
发音
/əˈɡenst/ 或 /əˈɡeɪnst/
核心义
反对;对着;紧靠;防备;对比
常见搭配
fight against / go against / lean against / protect against
IELTS 用法
表“反对某政策 / 防止某事 / 与…对比”
同义词
opposing / versus / contrary to / in opposition to
语体
通用(口语 & 学术写作均可)
🌸 一句话总结:
against 表“反对 / 对抗 / 紧贴 / 防备 / 对比”,是英语中多义核心介词之一。
在 IELTS 写作中常用于表达“反对观点(against the idea of…)”和“防范措施(against pollution)”。
🟩 agency
📘 音标:/ˈeɪdʒənsi/
📘 词性:noun(名词)
📘 语体:正式 / 学术常用(IELTS 高频词)
📘 词源:源自拉丁语 agentia(行动、做事),来自 agere(行动,做)。
🟦 一、核心含义(Core Meaning)
agency — a business, organization, or official body that provides a particular service or represents others; also, the ability to act or exert power.
机构;代理处;政府部门;(个人或集体的)行动力、能动性
🟩 二、主要释义与例句(Main Meanings & Examples)
🟢 1️⃣ 代理机构;经销机构(a business or service acting for others)
a business or organization that provides a particular service, especially representing others
She works for an advertising agency. 她在一家广告公司工作。 A travel agency can help you arrange your trip. 旅行社可以帮你安排行程。 They signed a contract with a talent agency. 他们与一家经纪公司签约。
📘 常见搭配:
advertising agency(广告公司)
travel agency(旅行社)
employment agency(职业介绍所)
news agency(通讯社)
📘 IELTS 写作例句:
“International agencies play an important role in coordinating global responses to climate change.”
(国际机构在协调应对气候变化的全球行动中发挥重要作用。)
🟢 2️⃣ 政府机构;官方部门(a government or official organization)
an official organization or department that provides a particular service
The Environmental Protection Agency monitors air quality. 环境保护署负责监测空气质量。 The United Nations agencies are working to reduce poverty. 联合国各机构正致力于减贫。
📘 IELTS Academic 用法:
“Government agencies should regulate the use of artificial intelligence.”
(政府机构应当监管人工智能的使用。)
🟢 3️⃣ (正式)作用力;动因;能动性(the ability to act or influence events)
the ability or power of people or things to act or to make something happen
Human agency is central to social development. 人的能动性是社会发展的核心。 The study examines the role of individual agency in shaping culture. 该研究探讨了个人能动性在塑造文化中的作用。
📘 IELTS 学术写作用法:
“Education enhances human agency, allowing individuals to make informed decisions.”
(教育增强了人的自主能力,使人能够做出明智的决定。)
🟢 4️⃣ 作用;手段;媒介(the means by which something is achieved)
a means or channel by which something is done or achieved
The Internet has become an important agency of communication. 互联网已成为重要的交流媒介。 Language is the primary agency of human thought. 语言是人类思维的主要工具。
🟩 三、常见搭配(Common Collocations)
搭配短语
含义
示例
advertising agency
广告公司
She’s employed by an advertising agency.
travel agency
旅行社
We booked our trip through a travel agency.
employment agency
职业介绍所
He found his job via an employment agency.
news agency
通讯社
The news agency reported on the event.
government agency
政府机构
The government agency enforces safety laws.
international agency
国际机构
International agencies provide humanitarian aid.
law enforcement agency
执法机构
Law enforcement agencies must cooperate globally.
human agency
人的能动性
Human agency plays a key role in social progress.
🟩 四、语法与结构(Grammar Notes)
结构
示例
说明
agency + for + 名词
an agency for job placement
表示“从事某项业务的机构”
agency + of + 名词
the agency of change
表示“作为变化的媒介 / 手段”
government / international / private agency
a private employment agency
常用修饰词
🟩 五、IELTS 写作与口语应用 🌟
✍️ 写作 Task 2 示例:
1️⃣ “Government agencies should collaborate to address environmental problems.”
政府机构应合作应对环境问题。
2️⃣ “The United Nations agencies are essential in providing humanitarian assistance.”
联合国机构在提供人道援助方面至关重要。
3️⃣ “Education empowers individuals with agency and independence.”
教育赋予个人自主能力与独立性。
💬 口语表达:
“I had to visit a travel agency to apply for a visa.” “She started working at a marketing agency last year.” “Many agencies are involved in managing immigration policies.”
🟩 六、同义词与相关词(Synonyms & Related Words)
词汇
含义
区别
organization
组织
泛指任何组织,不限于提供服务的机构
institution
机构;公共组织
多指教育或政府类机构
bureau
局、署(美国英语)
政府机构,常用于 official names
body
机构、团体
正式中性词,如 “regulatory body”
firm / company
公司
商业机构,不带代理性质
📘 举例:
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a UN agency. The Census Bureau collects national data. A recruitment firm is a type of employment agency.
🟩 七、派生与相关形式(Word Family)
单词
词性
含义
示例
agent
n.
代理人;动因
a real estate agent
agential
adj.
代理的;能动的(学术用语)
agential power
agency
n.
代理机构;能动性
social agency
🟩 八、总结表(Summary Table)
项目
内容
词性
名词 (noun)
发音
/ˈeɪdʒənsi/
核心义
代理机构;政府部门;能动性
常见搭配
travel agency / government agency / human agency
IELTS 高频用法
government agencies / ageing population / human agency
同义词
organization / institution / bureau / firm
语体
正式、学术、通用皆可
🌸 一句话总结:
agency 既可表示“机构 / 部门”(如 government agency),
也可在学术语境中表示“人的能动性 / 行动力”(如 human agency)。
在 IELTS 写作中,是连接 政治、社会、科技、教育 等主题的高频学术名词。
🟩 aggregate
📘 音标:/ˈæɡrɪɡət/
📘 词性:noun(名词);verb(动词);adjective(形容词)
📘 语体:正式 / 学术常用(IELTS 高频词)
📘 词源:拉丁语 aggregatus(聚集而成),源自动词 aggregare(聚集、集合)。
🟦 一、核心释义(Core Meaning)
aggregate — formed by combining several separate elements; a total; to combine into a whole.
总计;聚集;总数的
🟩 二、主要释义与例句(Main Meanings & Examples)
🟢 1️⃣ 名词:总数;合计(a total or sum)
the total amount formed by combining several numbers or amounts
The aggregate of the two scores is 180. 两次得分的总和是180。 Sales this quarter have reached an aggregate of $2 million. 本季度销售总额已达200万美元。 In the IELTS exam, your band scores are combined to form an aggregate score. 在雅思考试中,你的各项分数会合成为总分。
📘 IELTS 写作 / 口语用法:
在学术场景中,尤其用于统计、数据分析、经济或科研论文中。
🟢 2️⃣ 动词:聚集;合计(to combine into a total)
to combine several amounts or things into a single total
The data from different regions were aggregated to give a national figure. 来自不同地区的数据被合并成全国统计数字。 We aggregate the results of all participants to calculate the average. 我们将所有参与者的结果合并计算平均值。
📘 学术用法:
“The study aggregates data from multiple sources to analyze trends.”
(该研究整合了多个来源的数据以分析趋势。)
🟢 3️⃣ 形容词:总计的;合计的(formed by combining multiple parts)
formed from a combination of separate things
The aggregate score for the project was satisfactory. 项目的总成绩令人满意。 Aggregate demand refers to the total demand for goods and services in an economy. 总需求是指经济中对商品和服务的总需求。
📘 IELTS 学术写作示例:
“The aggregate impact of urbanisation on the environment is significant.”
(城市化对环境的总体影响是显著的。)
🟩 三、常见搭配(Common Collocations)
搭配短语
含义
示例
aggregate score / total
总分,总数
The team won with an aggregate score of 5-3.
aggregate data
汇总数据
The report aggregates data from five countries.
aggregate demand / supply
总需求 / 总供给(经济学)
Governments may try to stimulate aggregate demand.
aggregate effect / impact
总体影响
The aggregate effect of climate change is severe.
aggregate value
总价值
The aggregate value of exports rose last year.
🟩 四、语法与结构(Grammar Notes)
用法
结构
示例
名词
the aggregate of + n.
the aggregate of individual scores
动词
aggregate + n.
We aggregated the survey results.
形容词
aggregate + n.
aggregate data / aggregate demand
✅ 注意:
动词 aggregate 通常为 正式学术用语,多出现在研究、统计、经济、商业等场景。 名词 aggregate 可用于日常场景,但在 IELTS 学术写作中更强调总量、总和。
🟩 五、IELTS 写作与口语应用 🌟
✍️ 写作 Task 2 / Academic Examples
1️⃣ “The aggregate income of rural households has increased over the past decade.”
(农村家庭的总收入在过去十年里有所增加。)
2️⃣ “The study aggregates data from several longitudinal surveys.”
(该研究整合了几项纵向调查的数据。)
3️⃣ “The aggregate effect of government policies must be considered in economic planning.”
(在经济规划中必须考虑政府政策的总体影响。)
💬 口语示例
“My aggregate score in the IELTS exam was 7.5.” “The aggregate demand for food increases during festivals.” “All the data were aggregated before analysis.”
🟩 六、同义词与近义词(Synonyms & Nuances)
词汇
含义
区别
total
总数
最通用,可替代 aggregate(非正式场景也可用)
sum
总额
偏数学计算
combined
合并的
强调组合而非统计总和
overall
总体的
强调整体效果
collective
集体的,总体的
强调集合体的性质
📘 例句对比:
The aggregate score of the students was 350. (学术 / 正式) The total score was 350. (口语或非正式)
🟩 七、派生词(Word Family)
单词
词性
含义
示例
aggregate
n./v./adj.
总数;聚合;总计的
see above
aggregation
n.
聚集;合计
The aggregation of data is necessary for analysis.
aggregated
adj.
合计的,汇总的
Aggregated data from all schools were analysed.
🟩 八、总结表(Summary Table)
项目
内容
词性
名词 / 动词 / 形容词
发音
/ˈæɡrɪɡət/
核心义
总数;聚合;合计的
常见搭配
aggregate score / aggregate data / aggregate demand
IELTS 高频用法
academic / statistics / economics / research
同义词
total / sum / overall / combined / collective
语体
正式、学术、通用
🌸 一句话总结:
aggregate 强调“总计 / 聚合 / 汇总”,是统计、经济、科研场景下的高频学术词汇。
动词、名词和形容词形式均可用,尤其适合 IELTS Academic 写作和数据描述场景。
🟩 aggression
📘 音标:/əˈɡreʃən/
📘 词性:noun(名词)
📘 语体:正式 / 学术常用(IELTS 高频词)
📘 词源:拉丁语 aggressio(攻击),源自 aggredi(向前走、袭击)。
🟦 一、核心释义(Core Meaning)
aggression — hostile or violent behaviour or attitudes towards another; also, an unprovoked attack by one state on another.
攻击性;侵略;敌对行为
🟩 二、主要释义与例句(Main Meanings & Examples)
🟢 1️⃣ 攻击性行为(hostile or violent behaviour)
hostile or violent behaviour, often physical, toward others
He was accused of verbal aggression towards his colleagues. 他被指控对同事言语攻击。 The study examines the link between video games and childhood aggression. 该研究探讨了电子游戏与儿童攻击性行为之间的关系。 Some dogs show signs of aggression if they feel threatened. 如果感到受到威胁,有些狗会表现出攻击性。
📘 IELTS Academic 用法:
在教育、心理学或社会学话题中常用,如讨论 行为问题 / 社会冲突。
🟢 2️⃣ 侵略;侵略行为(military or political)
an unprovoked attack, usually by a country or state
The country was condemned for acts of aggression against its neighbours. 该国因对邻国的侵略行为受到谴责。 International law prohibits acts of aggression. 国际法禁止侵略行为。
📘 IELTS 写作示例:
“Diplomatic solutions are preferable to military aggression.”
(外交解决方案优于军事侵略。)
🟢 3️⃣ 进攻性;进取精神(initiative, assertiveness)
(formal, less common) a strong initiative or assertiveness, especially in business or sports
The company showed remarkable commercial aggression in entering new markets. 公司在进入新市场方面展现了强烈的进取精神。 In football, aggression is important for winning possession. 在足球中,进攻性对于抢球非常重要。
🟩 三、常见搭配(Common Collocations)
搭配短语
含义
示例
verbal aggression
言语攻击
Teachers must manage verbal aggression in classrooms.
physical aggression
肢体攻击
Physical aggression in children may indicate underlying issues.
military aggression
军事侵略
Military aggression is condemned under international law.
hostile aggression
敌对攻击
Hostile aggression can escalate conflicts.
display / show aggression
展示攻击性
The players showed aggression throughout the match.
unprovoked aggression
无端侵略
Unprovoked aggression between nations can lead to war.
🟩 四、语法与结构(Grammar Notes)
结构
示例
说明
aggression + towards / against
aggression towards classmates / aggression against other countries
常用介词,表攻击对象
display / show / exhibit aggression
Children may display aggression in stressful situations
动词搭配表达“表现攻击性”
military / verbal / physical aggression
military aggression
形容词修饰,区分类型
🟩 五、IELTS 写作与口语应用 🌟
✍️ 写作 Task 2 / Academic Examples
1️⃣ “Exposure to violent media may increase childhood aggression.”
(接触暴力媒体可能增加儿童的攻击性。)
2️⃣ “International law forbids acts of aggression between sovereign states.”
(国际法禁止主权国家之间的侵略行为。)
3️⃣ “Schools should implement programs to reduce student aggression.”
(学校应实施项目以减少学生攻击行为。)
💬 口语示例
“Bullying often involves both verbal and physical aggression.” “Some countries respond to aggression with military force.” “In sports, controlled aggression can be advantageous.”
🟩 六、同义词与相关词(Synonyms & Related Words)
词汇
含义
区别
hostility
敌意
偏心理态度,不一定行动
violence
暴力
偏肢体行为或破坏
attack
攻击
行动本身,口语常用
assault
攻击(通常有法律意义)
正式 / 法律用语
belligerence
好战
更正式,强调战争或敌对状态
assertiveness
自信、进取
强调正面主动性,而非负面攻击
🟩 七、派生词与相关形式(Word Family)
单词
词性
含义
示例
aggressive
adj.
有攻击性的;好斗的
aggressive behaviour / aggressive marketing
aggressor
n.
侵略者
The aggressor was condemned by the UN.
aggressively
adv.
侵略性地;好斗地
He pursued the deal aggressively.
🟩 八、总结表(Summary Table)
项目
内容
词性
名词(noun)
发音
/əˈɡreʃən/
核心义
攻击性;侵略;敌对行为
常见搭配
verbal / physical / military aggression
IELTS 高频用法
教育 / 心理学 / 国际关系 / 社会学
同义词
hostility / violence / attack / assault / belligerence
派生词
aggressive (adj.) / aggressor (n.) / aggressively (adv.)
语体
正式 / 学术 / IELTS 写作常用
🌸 一句话总结:
aggression 主要表示“攻击性 / 侵略 / 敌对行为”,在 IELTS 学术写作中常用于 心理学、教育、社会学和国际关系 话题。
与 aggravate 不同,aggression 更强调行为或态度,而非“使问题加剧”。
🟩 agitate
📘 音标:/ˈædʒɪteɪt/
📘 词性:verb
📘 语体:正式 / 学术用法
📘 词源:拉丁语 agitare(反复驱动、驱动),源自 agere(驱动、行动)。
🟦 一、核心释义(Core Meaning)
agitate — to stir or disturb physically; to disturb emotionally; to campaign or argue for something.
搅动;使不安;鼓动 / 提倡
🟩 二、主要释义与例句(Main Meanings & Examples)
🟢 1️⃣ 搅动;搅拌(to stir or move a liquid or substance)
to move something, especially a liquid, vigorously
The nurse agitated the bottle before giving the medicine. 护士在给药前摇晃了药瓶。 Detergent helps to agitate the water and remove dirt. 洗涤剂可以搅动水流以去除污垢。
📘 学术应用:
在化学、物理实验描述中,agitate 可正式表示“搅拌、使混合均匀”。
🟢 2️⃣ 使不安;使焦虑(to disturb emotionally)
to make someone feel worried, nervous, or upset
The news agitated him greatly. 这条消息让他非常不安。 She became visibly agitated when questioned about the incident. 当被问及该事件时,她显得非常焦虑。
📘 IELTS 写作 / 口语:
用于描述情绪、心理状态,如社会事件、新闻或社会问题引发公众不安。
🟢 3️⃣ 鼓动;煽动;提倡(to campaign or argue for something)
to try to influence public opinion or to campaign for political or social change
Activists agitated for better working conditions. 活动家们为改善工作条件而呼吁。 The organisation agitated against unfair taxation policies. 该组织呼吁反对不公平的税收政策。
📘 IELTS Academic 用法:
在讨论社会运动、政治改革、环境保护等话题时,agitate 可替代 “campaign / advocate”。
🟩 三、常见搭配(Common Collocations)
搭配短语
含义
示例
agitate for/against
呼吁 / 鼓动
They agitated for equal rights.
be agitated
感到焦虑 / 不安
She was visibly agitated by the delay.
agitate a liquid / solution
搅拌液体
Agitate the mixture gently before use.
politically / socially agitate
鼓动政治 / 社会运动
The group agitated for social reform.
🟩 四、语法与结构(Grammar Notes)
结构
示例
说明
agitate + for/against + 名词
agitate for reform
表示“鼓动 / 呼吁”
be agitated / become agitated
She became agitated at the news
表示“情绪不安 / 焦虑”
agitate + 名词(液体)
agitate the mixture
表示“搅动 / 搅拌”
✅ 注意
当表示“搅动液体”时,多用于科学 / 技术语境; 当表示“使焦虑”或“鼓动”时,多用于社会学、政治学、新闻话题。
🟩 五、IELTS 写作与口语应用 🌟
✍️ 写作 Task 2 / Academic Examples
1️⃣ “Human rights organisations often agitate for legislative change.”
(人权组织常为立法变革而呼吁。)
2️⃣ “The report of environmental damage agitated the public.”
(环境破坏的报告引发了公众的不安。)
3️⃣ “Students agitated against the rise in tuition fees.”
(学生们反对学费上涨发起了运动。)
💬 口语示例
“She was visibly agitated after hearing the news.” “The activists agitated for climate action.” “Make sure to agitate the solution before pouring it.”
🟩 六、同义词与近义词(Synonyms & Related Words)
词汇
含义
区别
stir / shake / mix
搅动
主要指物理动作
disturb / upset / unsettle
使焦虑
情绪层面,更温和或学术用
campaign / advocate / lobby
鼓动 / 倡导
社会、政治活动层面
provoke / foment
煽动
更强调挑衅性或激烈性
ruffle
弄乱;使不安
口语化,更轻微
🟩 七、派生词与相关形式(Word Family)
单词
词性
含义
示例
agitation
n.
焦虑;鼓动
Political agitation led to reforms.
agitated
adj.
激动的;焦虑的
She was visibly agitated.
agitator
n.
鼓动者;煽动者
The agitator campaigned for workers’ rights.
🟩 八、总结表(Summary Table)
项目
内容
词性
动词(verb)
发音
/ˈædʒɪteɪt/
核心义
搅动;使焦虑;鼓动
常见搭配
agitate for / against / a liquid; be agitated
IELTS 高频用法
政治、社会运动、教育、环境、心理学
同义词
stir / upset / campaign / advocate / foment
派生词
agitation (n.) / agitated (adj.) / agitator (n.)
语体
正式 / 学术 / IELTS 写作常用
🌸 一句话总结:
agitate 是一个多义动词,既可表示“搅动液体”,也可表示“情绪焦虑”或“社会政治鼓动”,在 IELTS Academic 写作中常用于 社会运动、政治倡议、心理状态 描述。
🟩 ago
📘 音标:/əˈɡəʊ/
📘 词性:adverb(副词)
📘 语体:常用 / 日常和学术英语均可
📘 词源:古英语 a-gān(向前走、过去),表示时间上的过去。
🟦 一、核心释义(Core Meaning)
ago — used to indicate that something happened a stated period of time before the present.
……以前;在……前
🟩 二、用法与例句(Usage & Examples)
🟢 1️⃣ 表示过去的时间(表示某事件在过去发生)
used after a period of time to show how long before the present something happened
He left the company ten years ago. 他十年前离开了公司。 I met her two days ago. 我两天前见过她。 The town was founded over 500 years ago. 这个城镇建于五百多年前。
📘 IELTS 写作 / 口语注意点:
“ago” 一般用于口语或叙述过去事件,不用于书面学术论文的正式时间描述。 学术写作中通常使用 in the past / previously / X years earlier 替代。
🟢 2️⃣ 与时间表达结合(表示具体时间段前)
一般放在数字 + 时间单位之后
three weeks ago 三周前 a long time ago 很久以前 just a few minutes ago 几分钟前
📘 常见固定搭配:
短语
含义
示例
a long time ago
很久以前
Dinosaurs lived millions of years ago.
not long ago
不久前
I saw him not long ago.
years ago
多年前
The building was constructed 50 years ago.
ages ago
很久以前(口语)
I met her ages ago!
🟢 3️⃣ 强调口语或非正式场景(informal / emphatic)
We visited that museum ages ago. 我们很久以前参观过那座博物馆。
📘 IELTS Speaking 提示:
“ages ago” 可用于口语中强调时间久远,但学术写作中不宜使用。
🟩 三、语法说明(Grammar Notes)
结构
示例
说明
数字 + 时间单位 + ago
three days ago / two years ago
标准用法
a long time / ages + ago
a long time ago / ages ago
非正式口语表达
not long ago
not long ago
最近的过去
❌ 不与动词连用
× “ago he left” ❌
ago 必须放在时间单位后
🟩 四、IELTS 写作与口语应用 🌟
✍️ Academic Writing(正式写作)建议
避免直接使用 “ago”,可改写为:
“Ten years ago” → “Ten years earlier / In the past ten years / A decade ago” “Two days ago” → “Two days earlier / Recently”
💬 Speaking & Informal Writing
“I visited London two years ago.” “Dinosaurs existed millions of years ago.” “I last saw her ages ago.”
✅ 提示:口语可灵活使用 “ago”,写作中更偏向替换为正式时间表达。
🟩 五、同义词 / 替换词(Synonyms / Alternatives)
替换词
用法
区别
earlier
写作中代替 “ago”
更正式
previously
学术写作 / 文献引用
强调先前发生
in the past
学术 / 报告
泛指过去时间段
a while back
口语
口语非正式
🟩 六、总结表(Summary Table)
项目
内容
词性
副词(adverb)
发音
/əˈɡəʊ/
核心义
…以前,表示过去时间
常见搭配
three days ago / a long time ago / ages ago / not long ago
学术替换
earlier / previously / in the past
语体
口语/日常书面皆可;学术写作倾向替换
IELTS 高频场景
Speaking: 叙述个人经历;Writing: 替换为正式表达
🌸 一句话总结:
ago 用于表示过去的时间,放在数字 + 时间单位之后,口语中灵活,IELTS Academic 写作中建议用 earlier / previously / in the past 来替换,以保持正式风格。
🟩 agonize
📘 音标:/ˈæɡənaɪz/
📘 词性:verb(动词)
📘 语体:正式 / 学术 / 情感性用语
📘 英式拼写:agonise(英式) agonize(美式)
📘 词源:源自希腊语 agon(竞赛、斗争)→ agonizesthai(奋力斗争、挣扎)。
🟦 一、核心释义(Core Meaning)
agonize (over/about sth) — to spend a long time worrying and thinking about a difficult situation or decision.
为……而苦恼;为……痛苦思索;焦虑不安
🟩 二、主要释义与例句(Main Meanings & Examples)
🟢 1️⃣ 为困难决定或情况痛苦地思考 / 苦恼
to think about something for a long time and worry about it a lot
He agonized over whether to accept the job offer. 他为是否接受这份工作而痛苦地思考。 She agonized about her future for months. 她为自己的未来苦恼了好几个月。 They were agonizing over the moral implications of their actions. 他们为自己行为的道德后果感到极度焦虑。
📘 IELTS 写作 / 口语应用:
常用于描述 决策困难(decision-making)、心理冲突(mental struggle) 或 伦理困境(ethical dilemma)。
✅ 示例(雅思写作 Task 2):
“Many students agonize over choosing between passion and practicality when deciding on a career path.”
(许多学生在选择职业道路时,会在理想与现实之间痛苦挣扎。)
🟢 2️⃣ (文艺 / 文学用语)感受极度的痛苦或挣扎
(literary) to suffer extreme mental or physical pain
He lay there, agonizing in pain after the accident. 事故之后,他痛苦地躺在那里。 She agonized for hours before finally telling the truth. 她在说出真相之前,痛苦地挣扎了几个小时。
🟩 三、语法与结构(Grammar Notes)
结构
示例
说明
agonize over/about + n. / v-ing
He agonized over the decision.
表示“为某事苦恼”
agonize for + 时间段
She agonized for weeks.
持续的心理痛苦
agonize to do sth
He agonized to choose the right words.
文学语气,强调努力挣扎
🟩 四、派生词(Derivatives)
单词
词性
含义
示例
agonized
adj.
痛苦的;苦恼的
an agonized expression 痛苦的表情
agonizing
adj.
令人痛苦的;折磨人的
an agonizing decision 一个痛苦的决定
agonizingly
adv.
极其痛苦地;令人难受地
agonizingly slow 极其缓慢地
agony
n.
剧痛;极度痛苦
in agony 极度痛苦中
🟩 五、同义词(Synonyms & Nuances)
同义词
含义
语气区别
worry (about)
担忧
常用,语气较轻
brood (over)
沉思、忧虑
带有“反复思考”的语气
struggle (with)
挣扎、努力
不一定是情感上的痛苦
torment oneself (over)
折磨自己
情绪更强烈
fret (about)
烦恼、焦虑
较口语化
suffer (from)
遭受痛苦
可指身体或心理痛苦
🟩 六、IELTS 用法亮点 🌟
📘 写作 Task 2 示例
“Many governments agonize over balancing economic growth with environmental protection.”
(许多政府为如何平衡经济增长与环境保护而苦苦思索。)
💬 Speaking 示例
“I remember agonizing over my university choice for months.”
“She looked agonized when she had to make that decision.”
🟩 七、搭配与词组(Collocations)
常见搭配
含义
示例
agonize over/about sth
为……苦恼
He agonized over his future.
agonized expression / look
痛苦的表情
Her face showed an agonized look.
agonizing decision / choice / process
令人痛苦的决定 / 过程
It was an agonizing decision to make.
agonizingly slow / difficult
极其缓慢 / 困难
The recovery was agonizingly slow.
🟩 八、总结表(Summary Table)
项目
内容
词性
动词(verb)
英式拼写
agonise
美式拼写
agonize
核心义
为……痛苦思索;极度苦恼
常见搭配
agonize over/about sth; agonizing decision
派生词
agony (n.), agonized (adj.), agonizing (adj.)
语体
正式 / 文学性 / IELTS 学术场景常用
同义词
worry, brood, struggle, torment oneself
典型场景
道德困境、人生选择、心理挣扎
🌸 一句话总结:
agonize 表示“为困难的选择或痛苦的处境而焦虑或挣扎”,常用于 IELTS 写作与口语中表达心理冲突,比 “worry” 更正式、更具文学色彩。
🟩 agree / agreeable / agreeably / agreed / agreement
🟦 一、核心动词:agree
📘 音标:/əˈɡriː/
📘 词性:verb(动词)
📘 核心义:同意;赞成;一致;符合
✅ 用法与例句:
I agree with you completely. 我完全同意你的看法。 They finally agreed on a plan. 他们最终在一个方案上达成一致。 Your results agree with ours. 你的结果和我们的相符。 She agreed to help us. 她同意帮我们。
📘 IELTS 写作示例:
“Many people agree that technology has improved education.”
🟩 二、形容词:agreeable
📘 音标:/əˈɡriːəbl/
📘 词性:adjective(形容词)
📘 语体:正式 / 文学 / 日常皆可
📘 词源:来自 agree + -able(“能够使人同意或愉快的”)
✅ 1️⃣ 令人愉快的;宜人的(pleasant, enjoyable)
giving a pleasant feeling; nice
The weather was quite agreeable today. 今天天气十分宜人。 She has an agreeable personality. 她性格令人愉快。
📘 同义词:pleasant, likable, charming
📘 反义词:disagreeable(令人不快的)
✅ 2️⃣ 可同意的;可接受的(acceptable, satisfactory)
acceptable or suitable to someone
The proposal is agreeable to both sides. 双方都能接受这项提议。 We found a solution that was agreeable to everyone. 我们找到一个大家都能接受的方案。
📘 IELTS 写作用法:
“An agreeable solution must balance both economic and social interests.”
🟩 三、副词:agreeably
📘 音标:/əˈɡriːəbli/
📘 词性:adverb(副词)
📘 词源:来自 agreeable + -ly
📘 语体:正式 / 文雅用语
✅ 含义:令人愉快地;令人满意地(pleasantly; acceptably)
The room was agreeably warm. 房间里温度令人感到舒适。 We were agreeably surprised by the results. 结果令我们愉快地感到意外。
📘 IELTS 用法:
“The debate was agreeably conducted in a respectful tone.”
(辩论在尊重的气氛中令人愉快地进行。)
📘 同义词:pleasantly, delightfully
📘 反义词:disagreeably
🟩 四、过去分词 / 形容词:agreed
📘 音标:/əˈɡriːd/
📘 词性:adj.(形容词);动词的过去式 / 过去分词
📘 核心义:已同意的;一致决定的
✅ 1️⃣ (动词过去式)已同意;已达成一致
They finally agreed to sign the contract. 他们终于同意签署合同。
✅ 2️⃣ (形容词)已商定的;一致认可的(officially accepted or decided)
accepted by everyone
The meeting will be held at the agreed time. 会议将在商定的时间举行。 The report must follow the agreed format. 报告必须遵循商定的格式。
📘 IELTS 学术写作用法:
“Data were collected according to the agreed methodology.”
(数据按照约定的方法收集。)
🟩 五、名词:agreement
📘 音标:/əˈɡriːmənt/
📘 词性:noun(名词)
📘 核心义:协议;一致;同意;协调
✅ 1️⃣ 协议;合同(a formal arrangement or contract)
They signed an agreement to cooperate. 他们签署了合作协议。 The two countries reached a peace agreement. 两国达成和平协议。
📘 IELTS 写作例句:
“A trade agreement was established between the two nations.”
✅ 2️⃣ 一致;同意(the state of having the same opinion)
There is general agreement among scientists about the causes of climate change. 科学家们对气候变化的成因大体一致。
✅ 3️⃣ 一致性(语法或逻辑一致)
Subject-verb agreement is essential in English grammar. 主谓一致是英语语法的关键。
🟩 六、词族总结(Word Family Summary)
单词
词性
中文释义
IELTS 用法重点
agree
v.
同意;赞成;一致
常用于 Task 2 “agree or disagree” 题型
agreeable
adj.
令人愉快的;可接受的
用于描述方案、气候、人物
agreeably
adv.
愉快地;令人满意地
高级副词,用于正式语气
agreed
adj.
已商定的;一致认可的
学术写作中描述“标准 / 方法”
agreement
n.
协议;一致
IELTS 写作常用于“国际协议”或“意见一致”
🟩 七、同义词与反义词(Synonyms & Antonyms)
类型
词汇
含义
✅ 同义词
concur, consent, approve, accept, harmonize
同意;一致
❌ 反义词
disagree, dispute, reject, oppose
不同意;反对
💬 反义形容词
disagreeable
令人不快的;难相处的
🟩 八、IELTS 例句精选 🌟
🧠 Writing Task 2
“I agree that governments should invest more in education.”
“International agreements are essential to combat climate change.”
“An agreeable solution must consider both cultural and economic aspects.”
💬 Speaking
“Yes, I totally agree with that idea.”
“The weather here is quite agreeable, not too hot or cold.”
“We met at the agreed place, right on time.”
🟩 九、总结表(Quick Summary)
项目
内容
核心动词
agree — 同意;一致
形容词
agreeable — 宜人的;可接受的
副词
agreeably — 愉快地;令人满意地
过去分词/形容词
agreed — 已同意的;商定的
名词
agreement — 协议;一致
反义词
disagree / disagreement / disagreeable
IELTS 高频场景
同意观点;国际协议;学术一致性表达
🌸 一句话总结:
这一组 agree 词族覆盖了从动词到名词、形容词、副词的全部变化,是 IELTS 写作与口语核心高频语族之一 —— 掌握它们能让表达更自然、更正式。
