单词A13

🟩 ajar

📘 音标:/əˈdʒɑː(r)/

📘 词性:adjective & adverb(形容词/副词)

📘 词源:源自中古英语 on char(意为“微开着”),后演变为 ajar。

🟦 一、核心释义(Core Meaning)

(of a door, window, etc.) slightly open

(门、窗等)微开着的,半开的

📘 中文释义:

指门、窗、盖子等没有完全关上,留出一点缝隙的状态。

🟦 二、词性说明(Word Class)

词性

用法

示例

adj.

表语/定语

The door was ajar.

adv.

作状语

She left the door ajar.

🟦 三、例句(Examples)

The door was ajar, and I could hear voices inside.  门微微开着,我能听到里面有人说话。 She left the window ajar to let in some fresh air.  她把窗户留了一条缝,好让新鲜空气进来。 He noticed that the cupboard door stood slightly ajar.  他注意到橱柜门半掩着。

🟦 四、语法与用法(Grammar & Usage)

用法说明

示例

通常与动词 be / leave / stand 连用

The door was ajar. / Leave it ajar.

仅用于描述“物理开启状态”

❌ 不用于抽象概念(如思想、机会)

多见于文学、叙述或正式书面语中

常用于营造“安静、神秘或悬疑”氛围

🟦 五、常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例

door ajar

门半开

The door was left ajar.

window ajar

窗微开

She kept the window ajar all night.

leave sth. ajar

把某物半开着

Leave the door ajar for the cat.

🟦 六、同义词与反义词(Synonyms & Antonyms)

类型

单词

含义

✅ 同义词

slightly open, half-open, cracked open

The door was slightly open.

❌ 反义词

closed, shut, sealed

She shut the window completely.

🟦 七、词汇对比(Word Comparison)

单词

含义

区别

ajar

半开(中性)

用于门、窗等物理开合状态

open

打开(广义)

程度较大,范围更广

cracked open

开一条缝

程度比 ajar 更小

unlatched

未上闩

强调“未锁住”而非“开着”

🟦 八、IELTS 语境用法 🌍

虽然 “ajar” 属于文学词汇,不是 IELTS 高频核心词,但在 Speaking Part 2 (描述地点或事件) 或 Writing Task 1 (描写场景类图表) 中可用来展示词汇多样性。

📘 高分表达示例:

“The door was left ajar, and sunlight streamed through the narrow gap.”

“I noticed the window was ajar, letting in a gentle breeze.”

🟦 九、文化与文学用法(Cultural/Literary Note)

在小说、悬疑、恐怖等文学作品中,ajar 常用于营造紧张或神秘气氛:

“The door stood ajar, as if someone had just left.”

 门半掩着,仿佛刚有人走过。

🟦 十、总结(Summary Table)

项目

内容

词性

adj. / adv.

发音

/əˈdʒɑː(r)/

中文释义

(门、窗等)微开,半开

常见搭配

door ajar, window ajar, leave ajar

常见动词

be / stand / leave ajar

语体风格

书面语、文学用语

反义词

closed, shut

🌸 一句话总结:

ajar = “half open(半开)”,是描述门或窗“微开状态”的高级文学用语,常与 door/window 连用。

🟩 alarm

📘 音标:

英 /əˈlɑːm/ 美 /əˈlɑːrm/

📘 词性:noun [C, U]; verb [T]

📘 词源:来自意大利语 all’arme!(意为“拿起武器!”→“警报!”),后引申为“惊恐、报警装置”。

🟦 一、noun 用法(名词)

✅ 1️⃣ a loud noise or signal that warns people of danger

警报;报警信号

📘 中文释义:

指用于提醒人们危险、火灾、入侵等的警报声或装置。

📘 例句:

The fire alarm went off at midnight.  午夜时火警响了。 The smoke set off the alarm.  烟触发了警报器。 A burglar alarm protects the house.  防盗警报器保护着这所房子。

📘 常见搭配:

搭配

含义

示例

fire alarm

火警

We evacuated when the fire alarm rang.

burglar alarm

防盗警报器

The burglar alarm was activated.

alarm clock

闹钟

My alarm clock didn’t go off this morning.

set off / trigger an alarm

触发警报

Opening the door will set off the alarm.

switch off / deactivate an alarm

关闭警报

The guard switched off the alarm.

✅ 2️⃣ fear and anxiety caused by a sudden danger

惊恐;忧虑;警觉

📘 例句:

The news caused widespread alarm.  这条消息引起了广泛的恐慌。 There is growing alarm over climate change.  人们对气候变化的忧虑日益加深。

📘 IELTS 写作示例:

“The rise in global temperatures has raised alarm among scientists.”

“Public alarm about food safety is understandable.”

✅ 3️⃣ a warning of danger

警告;警讯

📘 例句:

The soldiers were put on alarm.  士兵们进入戒备状态。

🟦 二、verb 用法(动词)

to make somebody afraid or anxious

使惊恐;使忧虑

📘 例句:

I didn’t mean to alarm you, but there’s a problem.  我不是想吓你,但出了点问题。 The doctor’s tone alarmed the patient.  医生的语气让病人感到不安。 It alarmed me to hear that he was missing.  听说他失踪让我很担心。

📘 搭配:

动词搭配

示例

greatly alarm sb.

The news greatly alarmed the public.

be alarmed by/at sth.

She was alarmed at the sudden noise.

alarm bells ring

(idiom) 警铃响起,比喻感到警觉。

🟦 三、短语(Phrases & Idioms)

表达

含义

示例

set off an alarm

触发警报

Someone opened the door and set off the alarm.

sound the alarm

发出警报;警告

Environmentalists sounded the alarm about pollution.

raise the alarm

发出警讯;提醒危险

Neighbours raised the alarm when they saw smoke.

alarm bells ring

(比喻)警觉信号出现

His strange behaviour set alarm bells ringing.

📘 例句(学术写法):

“Scientists have sounded the alarm over the rapid loss of biodiversity.”

(科学家们对生物多样性的迅速丧失发出了警告。)

🟦 四、常见搭配总结(Collocations)

名词搭配

动词搭配

形容词搭配

fire/burglar alarm

set off / sound / raise

growing / widespread / sudden alarm

alarm system

feel / express alarm

public / environmental alarm

🟦 五、词义对比(Word Comparison)

单词

含义

语体差别

alarm

对突发危险的惊恐或警告

语气最强,常指立即危险

fear

普遍的恐惧感

泛指心理上的害怕

panic

惊慌失措、行为混乱

比 alarm 更强烈

worry

担忧

语气较轻,日常用语

🟦 六、IELTS Academic 用法 🌍

✍️ Writing Task 2

“Many scientists have raised alarm over the depletion of natural resources.”

“There is growing alarm among the public regarding food safety.”

“Governments must act before the environmental alarm becomes irreversible.”

💬 Speaking Part 2

“My alarm clock didn’t go off, and I was late for work.”

“I was really alarmed when I heard the fire alarm in the middle of the night.”

🟦 七、词族(Word Family)

词形

词性

含义

alarm

n. / v.

警报;惊恐;使惊慌

alarming

adj.

令人惊恐的,令人担忧的

alarmed

adj.

惊恐的;忧虑的

alarmingly

adv.

惊人地;令人担忧地

📘 IELTS 用法示例:

“The number of car accidents has increased alarmingly in recent years.”

“It is alarming that so many young people suffer from stress.”

🟦 八、总结表(Summary Table)

项目

内容

词性

n. [C, U]; v. [T]

发音

/əˈlɑːm/

核心义

警报;惊恐;使害怕

常见搭配

fire alarm, alarm clock, raise/sound/set off alarm

派生词

alarming, alarmed, alarmingly

语体风格

中性,常用于正式/学术语境

IELTS 高频话题

environment, safety, public health

🌸 一句话总结:

alarm 既可以指“警报器”,也表示“惊恐、警觉”;

写作中常见表达有 “raise the alarm” (发出警告)与 “alarming rate” (惊人的速度)。

🟩 alas

📘 音标:

英 /əˈlæs/ 美 /əˈlæs/

📘 词性:interjection 感叹词

📘 词源(Etymology):

来自中古英语 alas, 源于古法语 ha, las!(意为“啊,疲倦了/可惜!”),进一步源于拉丁语 lassus(“疲乏的”)。

古英语中用来表达悲叹或遗憾,与现代英语 oh dear, what a pity, sadly 类似。

🟦 一、定义(Definition)

used to express sadness, pity or concern about something

(表示悲伤、遗憾或担忧)唉;哎呀;可惜

📘 中文释义:

“alas” 是一个文学性或书面语的感叹词,用于表示失望、悲叹或同情。

现代口语中较少使用,常见于文学、戏剧、新闻评论或讽刺语境。

🟦 二、例句(Examples)

Alas! We lost the game again.  唉!我们又输了比赛。 Alas, her career was cut short by injury.  可惜,她的职业生涯因受伤而提前结束。 He tried to save the project, but alas, it was too late.  他试图挽救这个项目,但唉,已经太迟了。 Alas for the poor children—no one came to help them.  可怜的孩子们——没有人来帮他们。

🟦 三、用法说明(Usage Notes)

特征

说明

语体

正式、书面、文学性;常见于诗歌、戏剧、演讲或讽刺语气

位置

通常位于句首,用逗号隔开,也可单独成句

现代替代表达

oh dear, sadly, unfortunately, what a pity

语气

表示无奈、遗憾、悲叹或象征性同情

📘 IELTS 写作建议:

虽然 alas 含义明确,但在 IELTS Writing 不建议使用(语体过于文学化)。

在正式写作中更推荐用:

“Unfortunately,” “Regrettably,” “Sadly,”

📘 对比示例:

句式

语体

示例

Alas, the plan failed.

文学/书面

唉,计划失败了。

Unfortunately, the plan failed.

正式学术

不幸的是,这个计划失败了。

🟦 四、常见搭配(Collocations)

表达

含义

示例

alas for sb/sth

为……感到遗憾

Alas for the victims of war.(为战争受害者感到悲哀。)

alas and alack (古语)

唉呀,可惜

Alas and alack, all was lost!

🟦 五、文学与修辞用途(Literary Use)

📖 莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》中的用例:

“Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him, Horatio.”

唉,可怜的尤里克!我认识他,贺拉旭。

该句为英语文学中最著名的“alas”用法之一,表达怀旧与悲伤。

📘 文学用法特点:

通常用于表达深沉的遗憾或怀念。 有时带有讽刺或幽默效果。

🟦 六、同义与替代表达(Synonyms)

词语

含义

用法差别

unfortunately

不幸地

常用于正式写作

regrettably

遗憾地

学术/正式场合常用

sadly

悲伤地

较口语化

oh dear

哎呀

日常口语感叹

woe (古语/诗意)

悲哀

常用于文学作品

🟦 七、总结(Summary Table)

项目

内容

词性

interjection(感叹词)

发音

/əˈlæs/

核心含义

表示悲伤、遗憾或无奈

语体

正式 / 文学性

常见结构

alas!, alas for sb/sth

现代替代

unfortunately, sadly

典型语境

戏剧、文学、讽刺、抒情场合

🌸 一句话总结:

Alas 是一个表达悲叹或无奈的文学感叹词,相当于 “唉,可惜”;

在现代学术或 IELTS 写作中,应使用 “unfortunately” 或 “regrettably” 来替代。

🟩 album

📘 音标:

英 /ˈælbəm/ 美 /ˈælbəm/

📘 词性:noun [C]

📘 词源(Etymology):

源自拉丁语 album,意为“白色物、白板”,古罗马时期指“写告示的白板”;后引申为“装照片、邮票或音乐作品的册子”。

🟦 一、核心定义(Definitions)

✅ 1️⃣ a book in which you keep photographs, stamps, etc.

相册;影集;邮票册

📘 中文释义:

用来保存照片、邮票、纪念品等的册子。

📘 例句:

a family photo album  家庭相册 I put our holiday pictures in an album.  我把度假照片放进了相册里。 She has a large stamp album.  她有一本大的邮票册。

📘 常见搭配:

搭配

含义

photo album

相册

family album

家庭相册

stamp album

邮票册

autograph album

签名册

✅ 2️⃣ a collection of recorded songs, usually by one artist

(音乐)专辑;唱片集

📘 中文释义:

一个歌手或乐队录制发行的一组歌曲,通常包含 8–15 首曲目。

📘 例句:

The band’s new album will be released next month.  这支乐队的新专辑将于下个月发行。 That song appears on her debut album.  那首歌收录在她的首张专辑中。 He is working on his second studio album.  他正在制作第二张录音室专辑。

📘 IELTS 学术应用示例:

“Digital music platforms have made it easier for artists to release an album without a major record label.”

“The concept of an album has evolved in the streaming era.”

🟦 二、常见短语与搭配(Collocations)

表达

含义

示例

release an album

发行专辑

The singer released her first album in 2020.

record an album

录制专辑

They are recording a new album in London.

debut album

首张专辑

Her debut album sold over one million copies.

studio album

录音室专辑

Their fourth studio album was a global hit.

live album

现场专辑

The band released a live album from their world tour.

concept album

概念专辑

The concept album tells a continuous story.

double album

双碟专辑

It’s a double album featuring 20 tracks.

🟦 三、语法与用法(Grammar & Usage)

特征

内容

可数性

可数名词(a photo album / two albums)

常见冠词搭配

a / an / the album

复数形式

albums

语体

中性;常用于日常、艺术、新闻、学术语境

🟦 四、语义扩展(Extended Meanings)

📘 有时 album 用于指“艺术作品集”或“纪念册”:

a wedding album(婚礼相册) a portfolio album(艺术作品集)

在数字时代中,也可指“数字专辑”(digital album),用于音乐流媒体平台。

🟦 五、词族(Word Family)

派生/相关词

词性

含义

album

n.

相册;专辑

album cover

n.

专辑封面

album art / artwork

n.

专辑封面设计

album track

n.

专辑曲目

album release

n.

专辑发行

🟦 六、文化补充(Cultural Note)

📖 在音乐产业中:

一张传统专辑通常包含 30–60 分钟的音乐。 录制形式包括: 🎵 studio album(录音室版) 🎵 live album(现场录音) 🎵 greatest hits album(精选集)

📖 在摄影与纪念文化中:

“photo album” 象征记忆与情感记录。 数字时代中,“online album / digital album” 多用于社交平台(如 Google Photos, Instagram 等)。

🟦 七、IELTS 应用示例 🌍

✍️ Writing Task 2

“Traditional photo albums are being replaced by digital archives, reflecting changes in how people preserve memories.”

“The concept of a music album remains significant despite the rise of single-track streaming.”

💬 Speaking Part 1 / 2

“I keep all my childhood pictures in a family album.”

“My favourite album is Adele’s 21—every song tells a story.”

🟦 八、总结表(Summary Table)

项目

内容

词性

n. [C]

发音

/ˈælbəm/

核心义

相册;(音乐)专辑

复数

albums

常见搭配

photo album, record an album, debut album

语体风格

中性,可用于正式和非正式语境

IELTS 话题领域

Art, Technology, Culture, Media

🌸 一句话总结:

album 可指“相册”或“音乐专辑”;

在雅思写作中常用于文化与科技主题,表达“保存记忆”或“艺术创作”的概念。

🟩 alcohol

📘 音标:英 /ˈælkəhɒl/ 美 /ˈælkəhɔːl/

📘 词性:noun [U, C]

📘 词源(Etymology):

来自阿拉伯语 al-kuḥl(“蒸馏物”),原指精细粉末,后引申为“蒸馏出的烈性液体”,再演变为现代意义上的“酒精”。

🟦 一、定义(Definitions)

✅ 1️⃣ the clear liquid that can make you drunk, used in drinks such as beer, wine, etc.

酒精;乙醇

📘 中文释义:

无色液体,化学名为 ethanol (C₂H₅OH),饮料中使人醉的主要成分。

📘 例句:

Wine contains about 12% alcohol.  葡萄酒含约 12% 的酒精。 The legal limit of alcohol in the blood is 0.05%.  血液中酒精的法定限量是 0.05%。

📘 搭配(Collocations):

表达

含义

示例

high / low alcohol

高/低酒精含量

low-alcohol beer

alcohol content / level

酒精含量

This drink has 40% alcohol content.

blood alcohol level

血液酒精浓度

His blood alcohol level was twice the legal limit.

✅ 2️⃣ drinks that contain alcohol

含酒精饮料;酒类

📘 例句:

Do you drink alcohol?  你喝酒吗? The sale of alcohol is forbidden to minors.  禁止向未成年人售酒。 I don’t drink alcohol at all.  我完全不喝酒。

✅ 3️⃣ (chemistry) any chemical compound with an -OH group

【化学】醇类物质

📘 例句:

Methanol and ethanol are both types of alcohol.  甲醇和乙醇都是醇类。

🟦 二、词性与语法

特征

内容

可数/不可数

常作不可数名词(U)

语体

科学、医学、日常均可

常见搭配

drink alcohol / avoid alcohol / alcohol-free drink

🟦 三、IELTS 应用句型 ✍️

“Excessive alcohol consumption is a major public health concern.”

“Governments should restrict advertising of alcohol to reduce underage drinking.”

“The abuse of alcohol can lead to addiction and social problems.”

🟩 alcoholic

📘 音标:英 /ˌælkəˈhɒlɪk/ 美 /ˌælkəˈhɔːlɪk/

📘 词性:adj. & noun

📘 词源:由 alcohol + -ic 构成,意为“与酒精有关的”或“受酒精影响的”。

🟦 一、adj. 用法(形容词)

containing or relating to alcohol

含酒精的;与酒精有关的

📘 例句:

alcoholic drinks / beverages  含酒精的饮料 The party served both alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks.  聚会上有酒精和无酒精饮品。

📘 常见搭配:

搭配

示例

alcoholic drink/beverage

酒精饮料

alcoholic content

酒精含量

non-alcoholic

无酒精的(如 fruit juice)

🟦 二、noun 用法(名词)

a person who is addicted to drinking alcohol

酗酒者;酒鬼;酒精中毒者

📘 例句:

Her father was an alcoholic.  她父亲是个酒鬼。 The clinic helps alcoholics recover.  这家诊所帮助酗酒者康复。

📘 说明:

这是一个医学与社会学词汇,不用于侮辱;正式语中常说:

a person suffering from alcohol dependence.

🟦 三、IELTS 学术例句

“Support should be provided for recovering alcoholics.”

“Long-term alcoholic abuse damages the liver and brain.”

“The government introduced higher taxes on alcoholic drinks.”

🟩 alcoholism

📘 音标:英 /ˈælkəhɒlɪzəm/ 美 /ˈælkəhɔːlɪzəm/

📘 词性:noun [U]

📘 词源:由 alcohol + -ism 构成,表示“与酒精相关的慢性病症”。

🟦 一、定义(Definition)

a medical condition in which a person cannot stop drinking alcohol even when it causes problems

酗酒;酒精中毒;酒瘾(疾病)

📘 中文释义:

一种慢性疾病,表现为对酒精的强烈依赖和戒断困难,常伴随心理与身体损害。

📘 例句:

Alcoholism is a serious social and medical problem.  酗酒是严重的社会与医学问题。 He suffered from alcoholism for many years.  他多年患有酒精依赖症。 Alcoholism can lead to liver failure and family breakdown.  酗酒可能导致肝衰竭和家庭破裂。

🟦 二、搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例

chronic alcoholism

慢性酗酒

He was diagnosed with chronic alcoholism.

cure / treat alcoholism

治疗酒精中毒

There is no quick cure for alcoholism.

alcoholism treatment / program

戒酒治疗

She joined an alcoholism treatment program.

alcoholism rate

酗酒率

The country has one of the highest alcoholism rates in Europe.

🟦 三、IELTS 写作应用

“Alcoholism contributes to many public health issues, including liver disease and domestic violence.”

“Early education can help prevent alcoholism among teenagers.”

“The government must allocate more funds for alcoholism treatment programs.”

🟦 🔹词族总结(Word Family Summary)

词形

词性

中文释义

示例句

alcohol

n.

酒精;酒类

He doesn’t drink alcohol.

alcoholic

adj.

含酒精的

I prefer non-alcoholic drinks.

alcoholic

n.

酗酒者;酒鬼

Her brother is an alcoholic.

alcoholism

n.

酗酒;酒瘾

Alcoholism is a serious disease.

🟦 🌍 IELTS & Academic Summary Table

项目

内容

核心主题

Health, Addiction, Social Issues

IELTS 高频

Writing Task 2, Speaking Part 3

常见搭配

alcohol consumption, alcoholic drink, treat alcoholism

同义词

alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence

反义表达

alcohol-free, teetotal (滴酒不沾的)

🌸 一句话总结:

alcohol 是“酒精”;

alcoholic 既可形容“含酒精的”,也指“酗酒的人”;

alcoholism 则是“酒瘾、酒精中毒”——一种严重的医学与社会问题。

🟩 ale

📘 音标:

英 /eɪl/ 美 /eɪl/

📘 词性:noun [C, U]

📘 词源(Etymology):

源自古英语 alu(意为“啤酒”),与古诺尔斯语 öl 同源。

原指中世纪不加啤酒花(hops)的麦芽酒;后发展为特定类型的啤酒。

🟦 一、定义(Definitions)

✅ 1️⃣ a type of beer that is traditionally brewed without using hops, with a strong, bitter taste

(英式)麦芽啤酒;艾尔啤酒

📘 中文释义:

一种由麦芽发酵而成、口味较苦、酒精度较高的啤酒。与普通啤酒(lager)相比,ale 更浓厚、更香醇。

📘 例句:

a pint of ale  一品脱艾尔啤酒 He ordered a glass of bitter ale.  他点了一杯苦味艾尔啤酒。 Traditional English ales are brewed locally.  传统英式艾尔啤酒由当地酿造。

📘 补充说明:

在英国,ale 是一种文化象征,常见于酒吧(pubs),与 lager(淡啤酒)并列。

🟦 二、常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例

bitter ale

苦味艾尔啤酒

He prefers bitter ale to lager.

brown ale

棕色艾尔啤酒

Newcastle Brown Ale is famous worldwide.

pale ale

淡色艾尔啤酒

Pale ale has a light golden colour and a crisp taste.

real ale

传统酿制啤酒(未经过滤或巴氏杀菌)

He’s a fan of traditional real ales.

strong ale

高酒精度艾尔

This strong ale contains 7% alcohol.

🟦 三、分类与比较(Types of Ale)

类型

特点

Pale ale

金黄色、较清爽,略带苦味

Brown ale

深琥珀色、带有焦糖或坚果味

Bitter ale

英国最常见,味苦,泡沫少

Porter / Stout

深色浓厚型(如 Guinness 属 stout)

Real ale

传统酿造,不经过人工加压

📘 文化提示(Cultural Note):

“Real Ale” 一词由英国 Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) 推广,强调传统工艺与天然发酵,是英国酒吧文化的代表。

🟦 四、语法与用法(Grammar & Usage)

项目

内容

可数/不可数

可数或不可数(a pint of ale / drink ale)

语体

常用于英式英语、文学与饮食文化语境

复数形式

ales

📘 例句(复数):

They produce several fine ales at the brewery.  那家啤酒厂生产几种上等的艾尔啤酒。

🟦 五、同义与对比(Comparison)

词汇

含义

区别

ale

上发酵啤酒,浓香,苦味重

英国传统

beer

泛指啤酒,包括 ale 与 lager

通用词

lager

下发酵啤酒,味轻、清爽

常见于欧洲大陆

stout

深色浓味艾尔(如 Guinness)

苦味重、泡沫厚

porter

早期深色艾尔,与 stout 类似

更甜一些

🟦 六、文化与历史(Cultural Background)

📖 历史背景:

在中世纪欧洲,饮用水常不安全,ale 是主要日常饮品。 “alehouse”(酒馆)是英国社会与文学中重要的文化场所。 现代英国仍保留“pint of ale” 的传统说法(1 pint ≈ 568 ml)。

📖 文学用例(Shakespeare 式表达):

“He drinks good ale and loves his neighbour well.”

——他喝上等的啤酒,也善待邻人。(出自莎士比亚《冬天的故事》)

🟦 七、IELTS 写作与口语示例 🌍

✍️ Writing Task 2

“Traditional drinks such as ale remain an important part of British culture.”

“While excessive drinking can be harmful, moderate consumption of ale is socially accepted in many Western countries.”

💬 Speaking Part 1 / 2

“When I was in England, I visited a local brewery and tasted a pale ale for the first time.”

“British pubs often serve locally brewed ales with unique flavours.”

🟦 八、总结表(Summary Table)

项目

内容

词性

noun [C, U]

发音

/eɪl/

核心义

麦芽啤酒;艾尔啤酒

复数

ales

语体

英式,常见于文化、饮食、文学语境

常见搭配

pale ale, bitter ale, brown ale, real ale

对比词

lager, beer, stout, porter

IELTS 话题

Culture, Lifestyle, Food & Health

🌸 一句话总结:

Ale 是一种英式传统麦芽啤酒,口感香浓苦重,象征英国酒吧文化;

在写作或口语中可用于描述 British traditions, food culture, or social habits.

🟩 alert

📘 音标:英 /əˈlɜːt/ 美 /əˈlɜːrt/

📘 词性:adjective, noun, verb

📘 词源(Etymology):

源自意大利语 all’erta,意为“on the watchtower”(站在瞭望塔上),

原指“保持警戒”,后引申为“警觉的、警报、警告”。

🟦 一、形容词 adj.

✅ 1️⃣ 警觉的;机警的;警惕的

quick to see, understand and act in a particular situation

📘 中文释义:

形容人对周围情况反应敏捷、注意力集中、保持警惕。

📘 例句:

Stay alert while driving at night.  夜间开车要保持警觉。 The guard remained alert throughout the night.  警卫整夜保持警惕。 An alert mind can quickly solve problems.  头脑敏捷的人能迅速解决问题。

📘 常见搭配(Collocations):

搭配

含义

示例

stay alert

保持警惕

Stay alert to changes in your surroundings.

remain alert

继续保持警觉

The pilot remained alert during the long flight.

alert to sth

对……警觉

Parents should be alert to signs of stress in children.

🟦 二、名词 n.

✅ 1️⃣ 警报;警戒状态

a warning to be ready for possible danger

📘 中文释义:

表示有危险、威胁或紧急情况时发出的警报或警示状态。

📘 例句:

A bomb alert was issued at the airport.  机场发出了炸弹警报。 The troops were on full alert.  部队进入全面戒备状态。 The alert was sounded after suspicious activity was detected.  发现可疑活动后发出了警报。

📘 短语与搭配(Phrases & Collocations):

搭配

含义

示例

be on (full) alert

处于戒备状态

The whole city was on alert during the storm.

issue an alert

发布警报

Authorities issued a weather alert.

raise the alert level

提高警戒级别

The alert level was raised to red.

🟦 三、动词 v.

✅ 1️⃣ 提醒;使警觉;使警惕

to warn somebody about a dangerous or difficult situation

📘 中文释义:

让某人注意到潜在的危险或重要情况。

📘 例句:

Police alerted residents to the escaped prisoner.  警方提醒居民注意逃犯。 She quickly alerted the authorities.  她迅速通知了当局。 The system alerts users when the battery is low.  系统在电量低时提醒用户。

📘 语法:

alert sb to sth (使某人注意到某事) → The study alerted doctors to the possible side effects.

🟦 四、常见短语(Phrasal & Idiomatic Uses)

短语

含义

示例

stay alert to sth

对……保持警觉

Investors should stay alert to market changes.

on the alert for sth

对……保持戒备

The police are on the alert for suspicious vehicles.

raise the alert

发出警报

The nurse raised the alert when the patient collapsed.

🟦 五、词语辨析(Synonyms & Comparison)

词汇

含义

区别

alert

强调“保持警觉和准备应对”

通常用于应对潜在危险

aware

强调“意识到事实或情况”

不一定采取行动

vigilant

正式用语,强调“持续警惕”

常用于安保语境

attentive

专心的,注意的

多用于听讲、照顾等场合

📘 例句比较:

Be alert to the danger of fire. (注意潜在危险) Be aware of the new regulations. (知道规则) Remain vigilant against fraud. (保持高度警惕)

🟦 六、语法与派生词(Grammar & Word Forms)

词性

词形

含义

adj.

alert

警觉的

n.

alertness

警觉;机敏

v.

alert

使警觉;报警

📘 例句(派生词):

Regular exercise improves mental alertness.  规律锻炼能提升思维敏捷度。

🟦 七、IELTS & Academic English 用法 🎓

📘 Writing Task 2(写作例句):

Governments should alert the public to the dangers of air pollution. People must remain alert to online scams in the digital age. An alert and responsive mind is vital in modern workplaces.

📘 Speaking Part 2(口语表达):

“During my night shift, I had to stay alert at all times, because the job required constant attention to safety.”

📘 雅思写作高级表达:

remain mentally alert (保持头脑清醒) be alert to potential threats (警惕潜在威胁)

🟦 八、总结表(Summary Table)

项目

内容

发音

/əˈlɜːt/

词性

adj., n., v.

核心义

警觉;警报;提醒警惕

常见搭配

stay alert, be on alert, alert sb to sth

同义词

aware, vigilant, cautious

反义词

unaware, careless, inattentive

雅思话题

Safety, Technology, Work, Environment

派生词

alertness (n.)

🌸 一句话总结:

alert 是“警觉、警惕”的核心词,既可作形容词、动词又可作名词,常用于安全、健康、信息警报及心理反应语境中,是雅思写作与口语高分词汇之一。

🟩 algebra

📘 音标:英 /ˈældʒɪbrə/ 美 /ˈældʒəbrə/

📘 词性:noun [U](不可数名词)

📘 词源(Etymology):

来自阿拉伯语 al-jabr(الجبر),意为“重组、恢复”,原为9世纪波斯数学家花剌子密 (Al-Khwarizmi) 著作 “Kitab al-jabr wal-muqabala” 的书名,意即《复原与平衡之书》。

“algebra” 一词由此进入中世纪拉丁语 algebra,再传入英语。

🟦 一、定义(Definition)

✅ a type of mathematics in which letters and symbols are used to represent quantities

代数学;代数

📘 中文释义:

数学的一个分支,使用字母、符号或公式表示数值和数量关系。

在代数中,字母通常表示未知数或变量,用于表达一般规律。

📘 例句:

In algebra, letters stand for numbers.  在代数中,字母代表数字。 She has a good understanding of basic algebra.  她对基础代数掌握得很好。 Linear algebra is essential in engineering and computer science.  线性代数在工程和计算机科学中非常重要。

🟦 二、分类与分支(Branches of Algebra)

类型

中文名称

简要说明

Elementary algebra

初等代数

研究方程、公式与变量的基本运算

Abstract algebra

抽象代数

研究代数结构(群、环、域等)

Linear algebra

线性代数

研究向量、矩阵及线性方程组

Boolean algebra

布尔代数

研究逻辑运算与集合关系(计算机基础)

Universal algebra

普遍代数

综合研究各种代数系统的共性

🟦 三、常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例

basic algebra

基础代数

Students learn basic algebra in high school.

linear algebra

线性代数

Linear algebra is a core subject in physics.

abstract algebra

抽象代数

Abstract algebra explores algebraic structures.

do algebra / study algebra

学习代数

I’m not very good at doing algebra.

algebraic expression

代数式

Simplify the algebraic expression if possible.

🟦 四、相关派生词(Word Family)

词形

词性

含义

例句

algebraic

adj.

代数的;用代数表示的

algebraic equations are solved using symbols.

algebraically

adv.

用代数方法地

The problem can be solved algebraically.

🟦 五、学术与考试(IELTS / Academic English)

📘 IELTS Writing Task 2 示例:

“Mathematical subjects such as algebra and geometry develop logical thinking and problem-solving skills.” “A solid foundation in algebra is essential for students pursuing science and engineering.”

📘 Academic Writing 高级表达:

algebraic reasoning → 代数推理 symbolic representation in algebra → 代数中的符号表示法 conceptual understanding of algebraic systems → 对代数系统的概念性理解

📘 Speaking Part 2 示例:

“When I was in school, I found algebra fascinating because it allowed me to solve problems systematically.”

🟦 六、知识拓展(Cultural & Historical Note)

📖 历史背景:

代数学起源于阿拉伯文明,发展自9世纪波斯数学家 Al-Khwarizmi 的著作。 “algorithm”(算法)一词也来自他的名字。 中世纪欧洲通过阿拉伯译本引入代数,为现代数学奠定了基础。

📖 文化意义:

代数象征“理性思维”与“逻辑抽象能力”,在西方教育体系中是中学与大学数学教育的核心科目。

🟦 七、语法与用法(Grammar & Usage)

项目

内容

不可数名词(uncountable)

常用介词搭配

be good at algebra / study algebra / solve algebra problems

句型

Algebra is the foundation of higher mathematics. ✅

🟦 八、同类词辨析(Comparison)

词汇

含义

区别

algebra

代数

使用符号和变量研究数量关系

arithmetic

算术

数字的基本运算(加减乘除)

geometry

几何

研究形状、空间和角度

calculus

微积分

研究变化率和面积问题

statistics

统计学

研究数据与概率

🟦 九、总结表(Summary Table)

项目

内容

发音

/ˈældʒɪbrə/

词性

noun [U]

核心义

代数学;使用符号表示数量关系的数学分支

派生词

algebraic (adj.), algebraically (adv.)

常见搭配

linear algebra, do algebra, algebraic formula

反义领域

geometry, arithmetic

IELTS话题

Education, Science, Logical Thinking

文化起源

阿拉伯数学 al-jabr(重组、复原)

🌸 一句话总结:

Algebra 是研究数量关系的数学分支,强调用符号与变量表达规律;

它既是现代科学、工程、经济模型的基础,也代表逻辑与抽象思维的核心。

🟩 alien

📘 音标:英 /ˈeɪliən/ 美 /ˈeɪliən/

📘 词性:noun, adjective

📘 词源(Etymology):

来自拉丁语 aliēnus,意为“属于他人的;外来的”,源自 alius(他者,another)。

原意为“外来的、陌生的”,后扩展至“外国人”“外星人”等含义。

🟦 一、名词 n.

✅ 1️⃣ foreigner; outsider 外国人;外侨

someone who comes from a different country or culture

📘 例句:

Laws restrict the rights of aliens to own land.  法律限制外国人拥有土地的权利。 As an alien in a new country, he felt lonely at first.  作为一名外国人,他起初感到孤单。

📘 用法说明:

⚠️ 在正式或法律语境中使用 alien 表示“非本国公民”;在日常口语中常用 foreigner 替代。

✅ 2️⃣ (in science fiction) a creature from another planet 外星人

📘 例句:

A movie about an invasion by aliens from outer space.  一部讲述外星人入侵的电影。

🟦 二、形容词 adj.

✅ 1️⃣ 陌生的;不相容的;异质的

strange and not familiar; different from what is normal or expected

📘 例句:

He found the culture completely alien to his own.  他觉得这种文化与自己的完全格格不入。 This idea is alien to our principles.  这种观念与我们的原则不相容。

✅ 2️⃣ 外来的;外国的(法律用语)

belonging to a foreign country or nation

📘 例句:

an alien species of plant  外来植物 alien customs and traditions  外国的风俗与传统

✅ 3️⃣ (formal) hostile; opposed 敌对的;相反的

opposed to or against something

📘 例句:

Such behavior is alien to our values.  这种行为与我们的价值观相抵触。

🟦 三、常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例

alien culture

异国文化

She struggled to adapt to an alien culture.

alien species

外来物种

Alien species can damage local ecosystems.

alien environment

陌生环境

He felt lost in the alien environment of the city.

illegal alien

非法移民(法律用语)

The policy concerns illegal aliens.

🟦 四、派生词(Word Family)

词汇

词性

含义

alienate

v.

疏远;使格格不入;离间

alienation

n.

疏离;被疏远感;异化

🟩 alienate

📘 音标:英 /ˈeɪliəneɪt/ 美 /ˈeɪliəneɪt/

📘 词性:verb [T]

📘 词源:同源于 alien(外来的),原意为“使成为外人”。

🟦 一、主要含义(Definitions)

✅ 1️⃣ 使疏远;离间(感情)

to make someone feel that they no longer belong to a group or have sympathy with someone

📘 中文释义:

使某人与他人或群体的关系变得疏远;使某人感到被排斥。

📘 例句:

His arrogance alienated many colleagues.  他的傲慢使许多同事疏远他。 She felt alienated from her family after the argument.  争吵后她觉得与家人疏远了。

📘 语法结构:

alienate sb (from sb/sth) → The government risks alienating voters from its policies.

✅ 2️⃣ 使(某人)感到格格不入;使不再支持

to cause someone to stop supporting or agreeing with something

📘 例句:

The reforms have alienated many teachers.  这些改革让许多教师失去了支持的热情。

🟦 二、常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例

alienate sb from sb/sth

使某人疏远某人/某事

His actions alienated him from the community.

feel alienated

感到被疏远

Many employees feel alienated by poor management.

alienate public support

失去公众支持

Harsh laws may alienate public support.

🟦 三、同义与反义(Synonyms & Antonyms)

同义词

含义

estrange

使疏远(更正式)

isolate

使孤立

distance

使保持距离

separate

分开,使脱离

反义词

含义

reconcile

使和解

unite

团结,使一致

connect

建立联系

🟩 alienation

📘 音标:英 /ˌeɪliəˈneɪʃn/ 美 /ˌeɪliəˈneɪʃn/

📘 词性:noun [U]

📘 词源:源自拉丁语 alienatio,意为“分离、疏离、转让”。

🟦 一、主要含义(Definitions)

✅ 1️⃣ 疏远;被疏离感

a feeling of not being part of society or a group

📘 例句:

The novel explores the theme of loneliness and alienation.  这部小说探讨了孤独与疏离的主题。 Feelings of alienation can result from discrimination.  被歧视可能导致疏离感。

✅ 2️⃣ (正式)疏离状态;隔阂

the process of making someone become less friendly or less involved

📘 例句:

Poor leadership often leads to the alienation of employees.  糟糕的领导常导致员工的疏离。

✅ 3️⃣ (哲学/社会学)异化

(in sociology or philosophy) the state of being separated from what is essential or meaningful in human life

📘 例句:

Marx discussed the alienation of workers under capitalism.  马克思讨论了资本主义下工人的异化。

🟦 二、常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例

sense of alienation

疏离感

Modern society creates a strong sense of alienation.

cultural alienation

文化疏离

Immigrants sometimes experience cultural alienation.

political alienation

政治疏离感

Many voters feel political alienation.

social alienation

社会疏离

Urban life can lead to social alienation.

🟦 四、学术与IELTS应用 🎓

📘 Writing Task 2(例句):

Globalisation has reduced cultural barriers but also caused alienation among traditional communities. Technology, while connecting people online, can deepen social alienation in real life.

📘 Speaking(口语表达):

“After moving abroad, I felt a kind of cultural alienation, as everything around me was new and unfamiliar.”

📘 Academic表达(适用于论文/作文):

psychological alienation → 心理疏离 alienation from nature → 与自然的疏离 alienation effect (戏剧术语,布莱希特提出) → 疏离效果

🟦 五、总结表(Summary Table)

项目

alien

alienate

alienation

词性

n., adj.

v.

n.

核心义

外来的;外国人;外星人

使疏远;使格格不入

疏离;异化

词源

拉丁 aliēnus(他者)

使变成外人

分离、隔阂

搭配

alien culture / alien species

alienate sb from sth

sense of alienation / cultural alienation

IELTS话题

Society, Globalisation, Psychology

Relationships, Politics

Sociology, Mental health

派生词

alienating (adj.)

🌸 一句话总结:

alien 表示“外来的”或“异己的”;

alienate 是“让别人变成外人”——即“使疏远”;

alienation 则是这种“疏离状态或被排斥感”的名词形式,常用于社会学、心理学和雅思写作中。

🟩 alignment

📘 音标:英 /əˈlaɪnmənt/ 美 /əˈlaɪnmənt/

📘 词性:noun [U, C]

📘 词源(Etymology):

来自动词 align(排列、使成直线、使结盟) + 名词后缀 -ment。

原意为“排列成直线”,引申义为“对齐、一致、结盟”。

🟦 一、主要含义(Definitions)

✅ 1️⃣ 排列成一条直线;校准

the proper positioning or state of being in a straight line

📘 中文释义:

物体在空间中的排列或调整,使其处于正确位置或方向。

📘 例句:

Check the wheel alignment before driving long distances.  长途驾驶前检查车轮的校准情况。 The printer needs a careful alignment of the paper feed.  打印机需要仔细调整纸张进纸的对齐。

📘 搭配(Collocations):

搭配

含义

示例

wheel alignment

车轮校准

Misaligned wheels cause uneven tire wear.

text alignment

文字对齐

Set the paragraph alignment to left-justified.

vertical/horizontal alignment

垂直/水平对齐

Vertical alignment is important in web design.

✅ 2️⃣ 一致;协调;联合

agreement, cooperation, or support among people, groups, or policies

📘 中文释义:

在目标、政策、态度或价值观上保持一致或协调。

📘 例句:

The new policy shows alignment with international standards.  新政策与国际标准保持一致。 There is a strong alignment between management and employees.  管理层与员工之间有高度一致性。 Political parties formed an alignment to pass the reform.  政党联合起来通过改革。

📘 搭配(Collocations):

搭配

含义

示例

strategic alignment

战略一致

Strategic alignment ensures organizational success.

alignment with goals/values

与目标/价值观一致

Alignment with company values is essential for employees.

political alignment

政治结盟

Several parties announced a political alignment.

✅ 3️⃣ (牙科/医学)排列整齐

the arrangement of teeth, bones, or body parts

📘 中文释义:

医学上指牙齿或身体部位排列的正确性或整齐度。

📘 例句:

Orthodontic treatment improves dental alignment.  牙齿矫正治疗能改善牙齿排列。 Proper spinal alignment reduces back pain.  正确的脊柱排列可以减轻背痛。

🟦 二、词性与语法

词性

说明

noun

可数/不可数皆可,根据具体语境

可数用例

a proper alignment of the text

不可数用例

The project requires alignment among all departments.

🟦 三、派生词与相关词

词形

词性

含义

align

v.

排列,使一致,结盟

aligned

adj.

对齐的;一致的

realignment

n.

再调整,再结盟

📘 例句(派生词):

The company’s goals are aligned with sustainable development.  公司的目标与可持续发展保持一致。 A realignment of resources was necessary to improve efficiency.  为提高效率,资源进行了重新调整。

🟦 四、IELTS / Academic English 应用

✍️ Writing Task 2

“Organizational success depends on the alignment of strategy, resources, and employee motivation.” “International agreements require alignment of policies and objectives among nations.”

💬 Speaking

“In my previous job, I noticed that team alignment was essential for completing projects efficiently.” “The dentist explained that proper jaw alignment can prevent long-term dental problems.”

📌 Academic / Formal Expressions

strategic alignment → 战略一致 alignment with objectives → 与目标一致 organizational alignment → 组织协调 text alignment in documents → 文档文字对齐

🟦 五、总结表(Summary Table)

项目

内容

发音

/əˈlaɪnmənt/

词性

noun [U, C]

核心义

对齐;排列;一致;协调;结盟

常见搭配

wheel alignment, strategic alignment, alignment with goals

派生词

align (v.), aligned (adj.), realignment (n.)

雅思话题

Technology, Business, Education, Health, Politics

文化/学术背景

工程设计、管理协调、医学牙科、文档排版等均常用

🌸 一句话总结:

Alignment 指“排列整齐、对齐或一致”,既可用于物理排列(车轮、牙齿、文字),也可用于抽象层面的协调与统一(策略、价值观、政治联盟),在雅思写作和学术英语中都是高频词汇。

🟩 alike

📘 音标:英 /əˈlaɪk/ 美 /əˈlaɪk/

📘 词性:adjective / adverb

📘 词源(Etymology):

源自古英语 gelīc(相似),与现代英语 like 相关。原意为“相同的;相似的”。

🟦 一、形容词 adj.

✅ 1️⃣ 相似的;类似的

similar to each other in appearance, nature, or behaviour

📘 中文释义:

表示两个或多个事物在外观、性质、行为上相似。

📘 例句:

The twins are very alike in appearance.  这对双胞胎长得非常相像。 His ideas are alike to those of his predecessor.  他的想法与前任相似。 All members of the team are alike in their dedication.  团队成员在奉献精神上都很相似。

📘 常见搭配(Collocations):

搭配

含义

示例

look alike

外貌相似

The two actors look alike.

think alike

想法相同

They think alike on most issues.

alike in character

性格相似

The siblings are alike in character.

🟦 二、副词 adv.

✅ 1️⃣ 相似地;以相同方式

in a similar way

📘 中文释义:

表示两个或多个事物以类似的方式发生或存在。

📘 例句:

The two groups responded alike to the stimulus.  两个组对刺激作出了相似的反应。 Parents should treat their children alike.  父母应该以相同的方式对待孩子。 Success and failure affect people alike.  成功与失败对人们的影响是相似的。

📘 语法结构:

常放句末或动词后修饰动作/方式 → “They were treated alike by the teacher.”

🟦 三、同义与反义(Synonyms & Antonyms)

词汇

含义

区别

similar

相似的

更正式,常用于书面

identical

完全相同的

强调一致性,比 alike 更精确

comparable

可比较的

强调可比性,不一定相同

different

不同的

反义词

dissimilar

不相似的

反义词,更书面

📘 例句对比:

The two paintings are alike, but not identical.  两幅画相似,但不完全相同。

🟦 四、IELTS / Academic English 应用

✍️ Writing Task 2

“People from different cultures may think alike in certain universal values.” “Traditional and modern teaching methods are alike in aiming to improve student skills.”

💬 Speaking

“My sister and I are very alike in our hobbies and interests.” “In my country, students in urban and rural schools are treated alike in official exams.”

📌 Academic / Formal Expressions

alike in characteristics / behaviour / appearance → 在特征/行为/外貌上相似 treated alike / respond alike → 以相同方式对待 / 相同反应 think alike → 想法一致(用于心理学或教育学)

🟦 五、总结表(Summary Table)

项目

内容

发音

/əˈlaɪk/

词性

adj., adv.

核心义

相似的;以相同方式

常见搭配

look alike, think alike, treated alike

派生词

IELTS话题

Education, Culture, Psychology, Society

使用提示

副词用法强调方式,形容词强调特征相似

🌸 一句话总结:

Alike 可作形容词或副词,形容事物相似或以相同方式进行,是雅思写作和口语中表达相似性和一致性的高频词汇。