单词A15

🟩 along vs alongside

🔹 一、along

📘 音标:英 /əˈlɒŋ/ 美 /əˈlɔːŋ/

📘 词性:介词(prep.)/ 副词(adv.)

✅ 1️⃣ 沿着;顺着(in a line next to or following the side of something)

表示“沿着某物的长度或方向移动”。

📘 例句:

We walked along the beach.  我们沿着沙滩散步。 There are trees along the road.  道路两旁有树。 A small river runs along the valley.  一条小河顺着山谷流淌。

✅ 2️⃣ 与……一起;随着……(together with, in company with)

表示“伴随、同时存在”。

📘 例句:

Along with globalization came new challenges.  随着全球化而来的是新的挑战。 He brought his sister along.  他带着妹妹一起来。 Sing along with me!  和我一起唱吧!

✅ 3️⃣ adv. 一起;向前(forward; together)

表示“前进”“带着”。

📘 例句:

Come along, we’re late!  快点,我们要迟到了! Bring your notes along.  把笔记带上。

📘 常见固定搭配(Collocations)

表达

含义

示例

along with

与……一起

She came along with her friend.

get along (with)

与……相处

They get along well.

come along

一起来;出现

A bus came along.

move along

向前走;继续

Let’s move along.

all along

一直

I knew it all along.

📘 IELTS / Academic Example:

“Economic growth, along with technological development, has reshaped modern society.” “Government policies along environmental lines are essential.”

📘 语气:

✅ 口语常用,也可用于正式写作中。

✅ “along with” 在雅思写作中非常常见,用于连接并列成分。

🔹 二、alongside

📘 音标:英 /əˈlɒŋsaɪd/ 美 /əˈlɔːŋsaɪd/

📘 词性:介词(prep.)/ 副词(adv.)

📘 语体特点:比 “along” 更正式、更书面化,常用于学术、法律、官方文件。

✅ 1️⃣ 在……旁边;并排(next to the side of something or somebody)

表示物理上“并列”“靠近”。

📘 例句:

A car pulled up alongside the bus.  一辆汽车在公交车旁停了下来。 The ship sailed alongside the pier.  船驶到码头边。 There were flowers growing alongside the path.  小路旁长着花。

✅ 2️⃣ 与……同时;与……并肩(together with, in cooperation or comparison with)

表示“与……同时存在”“与……合作”“并列发展”。

📘 例句:

The new law will operate alongside existing regulations.  新法律将与现有法规同时施行。 Children learn alongside their peers.  孩子们和同龄人一起学习。 Scientists work alongside engineers on this project.  科学家和工程师在这个项目中共同工作。

📘 常见学术搭配(Academic Collocations)

表达

含义

示例

work alongside sb

与某人共事

Researchers work alongside clinicians.

exist alongside sth

与……并存

Tradition exists alongside modernity.

develop alongside sth

随……共同发展

Technology develops alongside globalization.

run alongside

与……并行

The reform will run alongside existing policies.

📘 IELTS / Academic Writing Examples:

“Economic policies should operate alongside social welfare measures.” “Traditional beliefs still exist alongside modern lifestyles.” “Governments must work alongside international organizations.”

📘 语气:

✅ “alongside” 通常比 “along with” 更正式、更适合书面英语。

✅ 在雅思写作 Task 2 中可用于替换 “together with” 或 “in parallel with”。

🔹 三、区别与对比(Comparison Table)

对比点

along

alongside

基本义

沿着;顺着;伴随

在……旁边;与……并肩

语气

中性、常用

正式、书面

用法

prep. / adv.

prep. / adv.

典型搭配

along with / get along / come along

work alongside / exist alongside

空间含义

沿着路线(linear movement)

并排、并列位置(parallel position)

抽象含义

与……一起(伴随)

与……同时进行 / 共存

IELTS写作用法

“A, along with B, …”

“A operates alongside B …”

例句

Walk along the river.

Walk alongside the river.(靠近并排走)

🔹 四、IELTS写作高分句型对比

语法结构

示例句

翻译

along with

“Economic growth, along with population increase, leads to environmental stress.”

随着经济与人口的增长,环境压力加大。

alongside

“Traditional values continue to exist alongside modern lifestyles.”

传统价值观仍与现代生活方式并存。

come along / go along

“As time goes along, new problems arise.”

随着时间推移,新的问题出现。

work alongside

“Researchers work alongside policymakers to address global issues.”

研究人员与政策制定者共同应对全球问题。

🔹 五、总结(Summary)

项目

along

alongside

发音

/əˈlɒŋ/

/əˈlɒŋsaɪd/

词性

prep. / adv.

prep. / adv.

核心含义

沿着;随着;一起

并排;与……同时;并肩

语气

普通、口语和书面皆可

正式、学术、正式文件常用

高频短语

along with / come along / all along

work alongside / exist alongside

IELTS主题

Travel, Cooperation, Development

Science, Society, Policy, Education

推荐写作结构

“X, along with Y, causes Z”

“X exists alongside Y in modern society”

🌸 一句话总结:

“along” 表示“沿着、顺着、伴随”;

“alongside” 表示“并排、共存、并肩”,语气更正式;

在 IELTS 写作中,“alongside” 是 “along with” 的高级替代表达。

🟩 aloud

📘 音标:英 /əˈlaʊd/ 美 /əˈlaʊd/

📘 词性:副词(adverb)

📘 词源(Etymology):

来自古英语 on hlūd,意为“发出声音地”,与 loud(响亮的)同源。

🟦 一、核心释义(Main Meaning)

✅ 1️⃣ 出声地;大声地(in a voice that other people can hear)

spoken so that other people can hear you; not silently or in your mind

📘 中文释义:

出声地;大声地(与 “silently” 相对,指用声音而非默读或默想)。

📘 例句:

She read the letter aloud.  她把那封信读了出来。 Please say your name aloud.  请大声说出你的名字。 He laughed aloud with joy.  他高兴得大声笑了出来。

📘 典型对比:

词语

含义

示例

aloud

出声地(别人能听到)

Read the poem aloud.

loudly

大声地(强调音量大)

He shouted loudly at me.

silently

默默地;不出声地

She read the note silently.

🟨 小结:

“aloud” ≈ “out loud”(日常英语更常用);但 “aloud” 更正式、常用于书面语和学术语境。

🟦 二、常见搭配(Common Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例

read aloud

朗读

The teacher asked students to read aloud.

think aloud

自言自语地思考

He often thinks aloud when solving problems.

laugh aloud

大声笑

Everyone laughed aloud at the joke.

cry aloud

大声哭

The child cried aloud for help.

say aloud

出声说

Don’t just think it—say it aloud!

🟦 三、语法与用法(Grammar Notes)

📘 1️⃣ 句法功能

作副词,通常位于动词之后或句尾:  ✅ She read the story aloud.  ✅ He spoke aloud so everyone could hear.

📘 2️⃣ 与 “out loud” 的区别

词组

语体

用法

aloud

较正式,书面语

She read the poem aloud.

out loud

口语常用

She read it out loud to her kids.

📘 3️⃣ 否定结构

通常与动词连用,不用作单独否定:  ✅ He did not read aloud.  ❌ He read not aloud.(错误)

🟦 四、IELTS / Academic English 应用

📘 IELTS Speaking

“I often read aloud to improve my pronunciation.” “When I study English, I like to think aloud to practise speaking.”

📘 口语建议:

在雅思口语中使用 “read aloud” 或 “think aloud” 能自然展示语言学习习惯,是非常加分的表达。

📘 IELTS Writing

“Reading aloud can enhance learners’ phonetic awareness.” “Teachers often encourage students to read aloud to develop fluency.”

📘 写作说明:

“aloud” 是学术英语中常用于教育、语言学习、心理学研究的副词。

比 “out loud” 更正式、更适合写作 Task 2。

🟦 五、同义与近义(Synonyms & Related Words)

词汇

含义

区别

out loud

出声地(口语化)

informal

vocally

发声地(正式、书面)

often technical

audibly

可听见地(正式)

比 “aloud” 更书面

loudly

音量大地(强调强度)

not same as “aloud”

📘 例句区分:

She read the poem aloud.(让别人听到) She sang loudly.(声音很大) He whispered audibly.(声音虽轻但能听见)

🟦 六、常见固定表达(Useful Phrases)

表达

含义

示例

read aloud to sb

给某人朗读

Parents should read aloud to their children.

think aloud / think out loud

边想边说

I’m just thinking aloud.

laugh aloud

大声笑

The audience laughed aloud.

cry aloud for help

大声呼救

She cried aloud for help.

🟦 七、总结表(Summary)

项目

内容

发音

/əˈlaʊd/

词性

adverb

核心义

出声地;大声地(别人能听到)

常用搭配

read aloud / say aloud / think aloud

书面替代

vocally / audibly

IELTS主题

Language Learning, Education, Communication

语体特点

较正式,用于学术或书面表达

常见错误

“aloud” ≠ “loudly”(一个强调“出声”,一个强调“音量”)

🌸 一句话总结:

aloud = “出声地” = “so that others can hear”;

常用于 read aloud / think aloud 等表达中,比 “out loud” 更正式,更适合 IELTS 写作和学术英语。

🟩 also

📘 音标:英 /ˈɔːlsəʊ/ 美 /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

📘 词性:副词(adverb)

📘 语体:常用词(especially written English),广泛用于正式与非正式语体中。

📘 词源(Etymology):源自古英语 eallswā,意为 “just so / likewise(同样地)”。

🟦 一、核心释义(Main Meanings)

✅ 1️⃣ 也;同样(in addition; too; as well)

used to add another fact or idea to what has already been mentioned

📘 中文释义:

表示“也、还、同样”,用于补充说明。

📘 例句:

She’s fluent in French and also speaks a little German.  她法语流利,还会一点德语。 I like reading, and I also enjoy painting.  我喜欢阅读,也喜欢绘画。 The book is informative and also entertaining.  这本书内容丰富,也很有趣。

📘 语法说明:

通常置于动词前(但在 be 动词 或 助动词 后)。  ✅ She is also a teacher.  ✅ She also likes music.  ❌ She likes also music. 句首位置用于正式或书面语,语气略强调:  ✅ Also, we must consider the environmental impact.

📘 同义表达:

语体

举例

too

更口语化,句尾使用

She likes cats too.

as well

英式英语常用,句尾

She speaks Spanish as well.

in addition

正式

He is smart. In addition, he is very kind.

besides

非正式

She’s tired. Besides, it’s too late.

✅ 2️⃣(书面)还;此外(used to give more information)

used to add an extra comment or fact

📘 例句:

The company has grown rapidly; it has also expanded overseas.  公司增长迅速;此外,还拓展了海外市场。 The plan is risky, and also very expensive.  这个计划有风险,而且成本很高。

📘 用法提示:

此处“also”相当于“and in addition”或“moreover”,语气较正式,适合写作中使用。

🟦 二、语法与句式位置(Position in Sentence)

位置

示例

说明

在 be 动词或助动词后

She is also a musician. / He has also applied.

最常见用法

在实义动词前

She also likes dancing.

句首(正式)

Also, it’s important to note the cost.

常见于书面语或报告

句尾(少见、旧式)

She likes dancing also.

古典或诗意用法(现代英语较少)

🟦 三、搭配与固定结构(Common Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例

also known as (A.K.A.)

也被称为

Mark Twain, also known as Samuel Clemens.

and also

而且;并且

He’s smart and also hardworking.

may also be

也可能是

This may also be the cause of the problem.

not only … but also

不仅……而且……

She is not only kind but also intelligent.

🟦 四、比较与辨析(Usage Comparison)

语体

位置

举例

also

中性、正式

动词前 / be动词后

She is also a writer.

too

口语

句尾

She is a writer too.

as well

英式、口语

句尾

She is a writer as well.

either

否定句

句尾

She doesn’t like coffee either.

✅ 总结:

正式写作中用 also。 口语中多用 too / as well。 否定句中只能用 either。

🟦 五、学术与IELTS应用(Academic / IELTS Usage)

📘 IELTS Writing Task 2:

“Education improves productivity and also encourages innovation.” “The government should focus on healthcare and also on public education.”

📘 IELTS Speaking:

“I like listening to music, and I also play the guitar.” “I’m studying English, but I’m also interested in learning German.”

📘 学术写作替代:

在正式语境中可改写为:

in addition, furthermore, moreover, as well as

🟦 六、词汇拓展(Word Family)

形式

词性

含义

also

adv.

也;同样地;此外

and also

conj. phrase

而且;并且

not only … but also

phrase

不仅……而且……

🟦 七、例句总结(Summary Examples)

语体

句子

翻译

普通陈述

She speaks English and also French.

她会说英语,也会法语。

句首书面

Also, there are several risks involved.

此外,还存在若干风险。

正式写作

This policy will increase costs and also benefit workers.

该政策会增加成本,但也有利于工人。

经典结构

She is not only a singer but also a songwriter.

她不仅是歌手,还是作曲人。

🟦 八、总结表(Summary Table)

项目

内容

发音

/ˈɔːlsəʊ/

词性

副词

中文释义

也;同样;此外

常见搭配

also known as / not only … but also

语体

书面语或正式表达

IELTS用法

用于补充观点、连接事实

对比

too(口语)/as well(英式)/either(否定句)

🌸 一句话总结:

also 表示“也、此外”,在正式和学术语境中最常用,位置通常在动词前或句首,用来自然衔接论述与补充信息。

alter · alternate · alternation · alternative

🟩 1️⃣ alter

📘 音标:英 /ˈɔːltə(r)/ 美 /ˈɔːltər/

📘 词性:动词(verb)[T, I]

📘 词源(Etymology):拉丁语 alterare(改变),源自 alter(other, “另一个”)。

✅ 释义 (Meanings)

① 改变;改动;修改(to change or make different)

to become different; to make somebody/something different

📘 例句:

Prices did not alter significantly during the year.  全年价格没有明显变化。 You can alter the design to suit your needs.  你可以修改设计以满足你的需要。 This dress needs to be altered because it’s too long.  这条裙子太长,需要改一下。

📘 常见搭配:

搭配

含义

alter plans / behavior / conditions

改变计划/行为/条件

alter the course of

改变……的进程

heavily / slightly alter

大幅/稍作 改动

📘 近义词: change, modify, adjust, revise

📘 区别:

change 是一般性“改变”; alter 常指部分、轻微、结构性的改动。

✅ ② (衣物)改裁,修改(衣服等)

to make changes to a piece of clothing so that it fits better

📘 例句:

I had the skirt altered to make it shorter.  我把裙子改短了。

🟩 2️⃣ alternate

📘 音标:英 /ˈɔːltəneɪt/ 美 /ˈɔːltərnət/

📘 词性:形容词(adj.)/动词(v.)

📘 词源: 拉丁语 alternare = “to do by turns(轮流做)”。

✅ (adj.) 交替的;间隔的

happening or following in turns; every second

📘 例句:

The weather has been alternate rain and sunshine.  天气晴雨交替。 He works on alternate days.  他隔天上班。

📘 搭配:

短语

含义

alternate days / weeks

每隔一天/每隔一周

alternate layers

交替的层次

alternate current (AC)

交流电(= alternating current)

✅ (v.) 交替出现;轮流(to occur in turn repeatedly)

to happen or follow by turns

📘 例句:

Periods of success and failure alternate in everyone’s life.  人生中成功与失败交替出现。 The two brothers alternate in taking care of their parents.  兄弟俩轮流照顾父母。

📘 语法结构:

alternate between A and B 在A与B之间交替 alternate with 与……交替出现

📘 例句:

Her mood alternated between happiness and sadness.  她的情绪在快乐和悲伤之间波动。 Sunny days alternate with rainy ones.  晴天与雨天交替。

🟩 3️⃣ alternation

📘 音标:英 /ˌɔːltəˈneɪʃn/ 美 /ˌɔːltərˈneɪʃn/

📘 词性:名词(noun)[U, C]

📘 词源:源自 alternate + -ion(名词后缀),意为“交替的状态或过程”。

✅ 释义:交替;轮流;更迭

the act of two things following each other repeatedly

📘 例句:

The alternation of night and day is a natural phenomenon.  昼夜更替是自然现象。 The alternation between theory and practice makes the course more effective.  理论与实践的交替使课程更有效。

📘 搭配:

搭配

含义

regular alternation

有规律的交替

alternation of generations

世代交替(生物学术语)

alternation of light and dark

明暗交替

📘 同义词: rotation, succession, interchange

📘 相关用法(IELTS Writing):

“The alternation of work and rest is vital for mental health.”

🟩 4️⃣ alternative

📘 音标:英 /ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/ 美 /ɔːlˈtɜːrnətɪv/

📘 词性:名词(noun)/形容词(adj.)

📘 词源: 拉丁语 alternativus(offering one thing after another)。

✅ (n.) 可供选择的事物;替代方案

a thing that you can choose to do or have out of two or more possibilities

📘 例句:

There’s no alternative to hard work.  除了努力工作别无选择。 You can take the train or the bus — both are good alternatives.  你可以坐火车或巴士——都是不错的选择。

📘 常用搭配:

搭配

含义

an alternative to sth

……的替代品

offer / provide / find an alternative

提供/寻找替代方案

have no alternative (but to do sth)

别无选择,只能……

📘 例句:

We had no alternative but to cancel the meeting.  我们别无选择,只能取消会议。

✅ (adj.) 可替代的;另类的;非传统的

different from the usual or conventional

📘 例句:

They are developing alternative energy sources such as solar power.  他们在开发替代能源,如太阳能。 An alternative lifestyle attracts many young people.  另类生活方式吸引了许多年轻人。

📘 学术搭配(IELTS 常用)

短语

用法

alternative energy / fuel / source

替代能源

alternative medicine / therapy

替代疗法

alternative solution / method

替代方案

alternative education / lifestyle

另类教育/生活方式

✅ 常见结构:

provide an alternative to  → This plan provides an alternative to the current system. find an alternative way  → Scientists are trying to find alternative ways to reduce emissions.

🟦 🧭 四词总结与对比(Comparison Summary)

词汇

词性

含义

示例句

alter

v.

改变(部分修改)

You can alter your plans later.

alternate

v./adj.

交替;轮流

They alternate between work and rest.

alternation

n.

交替;轮换

The alternation of day and night.

alternative

n./adj.

替代;可选的

Alternative energy like wind or solar power.

📘 辨析要点:

alter 强调“改变(改动)” alternate / alternation 强调“轮流、交替” alternative 强调“选择、替代方案”

🟦 🧠 IELTS / Academic Writing 应用举例

“The government should invest in alternative energy resources.” “The company needs to alter its marketing strategy.” “Day and night alternate regularly in polar regions.” “The alternation between rest and work improves productivity.”

🟩 🧾 总结表(Summary Table)

项目

alter

alternate

alternation

alternative

词性

v.

v./adj.

n.

n./adj.

核心义

改变

交替

交替过程

替代

搭配

alter plan

alternate days

alternation of A and B

alternative to sth

IELTS主题

政策修改

自然现象

节奏变化

可持续能源

近义词

change, modify

rotate

rotation

option, substitute

🌸 一句话总结:

alter 改;alternate 交替;alternation 交替过程;alternative 替代选择。

四者源同拉丁语 alter(other),都含“不同、变化、另一个”的核心语义。

although

🟩 1️⃣ 基本信息

📘 词性:从属连词(subordinating conjunction)

📘 音标:英 /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ 美 /ɔːlˈðoʊ/

📘 词源:古英语 all + though,本义为“尽管如此”。

🟦 2️⃣ 基本释义(Definition)

although — “尽管;虽然;即使”

used to introduce a statement that makes the main statement in a sentence seem surprising or contrasts with it.

✅ 释义 1:尽管(让步)

用来引出一个与主句内容相反或形成对比的事实。

“Although + 从句,主句”

📘 例句:

Although it was raining, we went out.  虽然下着雨,我们还是出去了。 Although he’s rich, he’s not happy.  虽然他很有钱,但并不快乐。 Although I was tired, I couldn’t sleep.  虽然我很累,却睡不着。

📘 结构模式:Although + S + V, S + V. S + V although S + V.

✅ 注意: “although” 从句可以放句首或句中,不影响意思。

📘 例句(句尾位置):

I went out, although it was raining.

✅ 释义 2:虽然……但是(书面语)

有时 “although” 与 “but” 搭配出现(但正式写作中通常不用)。

📘 例句(口语中可见):

Although it’s expensive, but it’s worth it. ✖️(正式写作中避免) ✅ 正确:Although it’s expensive, it’s worth it.

✅ 释义 3:即使(even though)

“although” 的语气比 “even though” 弱;“even though” 强调“即使某事实成立,也不影响结果”。

📘 对比例句:

句子

语气

含义

Although he’s very busy, he always helps me.

普通对比

虽然忙,但仍帮我

Even though he’s very busy, he always helps me.

强烈对比

即使再忙,他也帮我

🟦 3️⃣ 与类似连词的区别(Comparison)

连词

中文意思

语气强度

用法区别

although

虽然

中等

普通让步

though

虽然/但是

较口语

可放句尾

even though

即使

强烈

表强调

while

虽然(但)

书面语略正式

也可表示“当……时”

whereas

然而/而

对比两种情况

常用于正式书面语

📘 例句比较:

Although it’s cold, I’ll go out. Though it’s cold, I’ll go out. I’ll go out, though it’s cold. Even though it’s cold, I’ll go out anyway. Whereas she likes cats, he prefers dogs.

🟦 4️⃣ 常见搭配与表达(Useful Collocations)

表达

释义

示例句

although + adjective / adverb / participle

省略主语与动词

Although tired, he kept working.

although + clause, main clause

主从句对比

Although it was late, she continued studying.

main clause + although + clause

后置从句

He continued studying, although it was late.

🟦 5️⃣ 学术写作(IELTS / TOEFL / Academic English)

📘 功能:表达让步 / 对比,增强逻辑衔接

句型结构

示例句

Although + S + V, S + V.

Although renewable energy is expensive, it is environmentally friendly.

Although + clause, main clause

Although education is costly, the long-term benefits outweigh the expenses.

It is true that… although…

It is true that technology creates problems, although it also solves many.

📘 高级变体:

Although this may be true, …  → 虽然这可能是事实,但…… Although not perfect, …  → 尽管并不完美,……

🟦 6️⃣ 常见错误(Common Mistakes)

错误句

原因

改正

Although it was cold, but we went out.

“although” 与 “but” 不能同时用

Although it was cold, we went out.

Although he’s rich, but not happy.

缺主语或动词

Although he’s rich, he’s not happy.

Although of his wealth, he’s unhappy.

“although” 不能接名词

Although he is wealthy, he’s unhappy. 或 Despite his wealth, he’s unhappy.

🟩 7️⃣ 高级句式(Advanced Usage)

用法

示例句

Although + adj/adv/participle(省略主语和be动词)

Although tired, she kept studying.

Although + S + may + V(让步虚拟)

Although it may seem impossible, we should try.

Although + S + V, main clause with contrast

Although globalisation brings benefits, it also causes inequality.

🟦 🧠 小结总结表

项目

内容

词性

从属连词

基本义

尽管;虽然;即使

对应词

though, even though, whereas

常用结构

Although + 从句, 主句

正式度

较正式(适合写作)

IELTS 功能

表对比,让步,逻辑衔接

🌸 一句话总结:

Although 表示“虽然”,用于引出与主句形成对比或意外结果的从句,是学术写作中表达“让步(concession)”的关键工具。

altitude

📘 /ˈæltɪtjuːd/ (BrE) /ˈæltɪtuːd/ (NAmE)

noun [C, U]

🟩 1️⃣ 基本释义(Oxford 英汉双解标准释义)

1. 高度;海拔;高程

the height of something above sea level or the earth’s surface

📘 例句:

The plane is flying at an altitude of 35,000 feet.  飞机正在 35,000 英尺的高空飞行。 The city is built at a high altitude.  这座城市建在高海拔地区。 The climbers suffered from altitude sickness.  登山者患了高原反应。

📘 常用搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

high/low altitude

高/低海拔

gain/lose altitude

上升/下降(高度)

altitude above sea level

海拔高度

at an altitude of … metres/feet

海拔……米/英尺

altitude sickness

高原反应

altitude training

高原训练(运动学术语)

🟦 2️⃣ 衍生义(Extended / Scientific Meaning)

(航空、气象、地理)高度层次、测高值

used in scientific or technical contexts to describe elevation or position in the atmosphere

📘 例句:

Temperature decreases with increasing altitude.  温度随海拔升高而下降。 High-altitude winds are very strong.  高空风非常强劲。

🟩 3️⃣ 派生词与相关词汇(Word Family)

词形

词性

释义

示例

altitudinal

adj.

海拔的;与高度有关的

altitudinal zones 海拔分带

altimeter

n.

高度计

a digital altimeter 数字高度计

high-altitude

adj.

高海拔的

high-altitude area 高原地区

low-altitude

adj.

低海拔的

low-altitude flight 低空飞行

🟦 4️⃣ 同义词与近义表达(Synonyms)

英文词

含义

区别

height

高度(一般性)

可指物体或人

elevation

海拔、地势高度(技术性强)

常用于地理、地图标注

altitude

海拔(精确、科学)

常用于航空、地理、登山

level

水平面高度

强调相对高度,不是绝对海拔

📘 例句对比:

Mount Everest has an altitude of 8,848 metres. The elevation of Denver is about 1,600 metres. The building’s height is 100 metres.

🟦 5️⃣ 语法说明(Grammar Notes)

项目

内容

可数性

可数或不可数名词

常用介词

at, above, of

常见结构

at an altitude of + 数字the altitude above sea level

📘 例句:

Birds can fly at altitudes of up to 10,000 metres. Few plants grow at such a high altitude.

🟩 6️⃣ 学术英语用法(IELTS / TOEFL / Academic English)

📘 学术领域常见用法:

领域

常见搭配

Geography

altitude, elevation, topography

Meteorology

high-altitude clouds, low-altitude pressure

Aviation

cruising altitude, altitude control

Biology

altitude adaptation, altitude zone

Sports Science

altitude training, oxygen deficiency

📘 学术例句:

Human bodies adapt differently to high-altitude environments. Temperature, humidity, and pressure vary significantly with altitude. Altitude training improves athletes’ endurance capacity.

🟦 7️⃣ 常见固定搭配(Fixed Expressions)

表达

中文释义

at high altitude

在高海拔地区

high-altitude area

高原地区

gain altitude

上升(飞机、气球等)

lose altitude

下降

altitude sickness

高原反应

altitude chamber

模拟高原舱

cruising altitude

巡航高度

🟩 8️⃣ 词源(Etymology)

来自拉丁语 altitūdō(高度),源于 altus(高的)+ 抽象名词后缀 -tude。

与单词 adult, exalt, altar 同源,都含有 “高、高处” 的含义。

🟦 9️⃣ 小结(Summary)

项目

内容

词性

名词(C/U)

核心义

高度;海拔

常用搭配

high altitude / at an altitude of… / altitude sickness

学术领域

地理、航空、气象、生理学

同义词

elevation, height

派生词

altitudinal, altimeter

🌸 一句话总结:

Altitude 指“海拔高度”或“高空位置”,常用于地理、航空和科学语境,雅思写作中可用于描述地理环境、气候差异或人类适应性。

altogether

📘 /ˌɔːltəˈɡɛðə(r)/ (BrE) /ˌɔːltəˈɡɛðər/ (NAmE)

adverb

🟩 1️⃣ 基本释义(Oxford 英汉双解词典标准释义)

1. 总共;一共(completely / in total)

used to give a total number or amount

📘 例句:

There were twenty people altogether.  总共有二十个人。 That will be £50 altogether, please.  一共是50英镑,请付款。 We spent altogether three weeks in Europe.  我们在欧洲一共待了三周。

2. 总体上;总体而言(in general / on the whole)

used to refer to the situation as a whole

📘 例句:

Altogether, it was a great success.  总体而言,这是一次巨大的成功。 The trip was tiring but altogether enjoyable.  这次旅行虽累,但总体上令人愉快。

3. 完全地;彻底地(completely / entirely)

used to emphasize that something is complete

📘 例句:

I’m not altogether sure about that.  我对此并不完全确定。 That’s an altogether different matter.  那是完全不同的事情。 The idea seems altogether ridiculous.  这个想法简直荒谬透顶。

🟦 2️⃣ 用法辨析(Common Confusion)

短语

词性

含义

示例

altogether

副词

“总共;完全地;总体上”

There were ten people altogether.

all together

词组

“全部在一起”

They were all together in the room.

📘 对比例句:

We were all together in Paris. → 我们全都在一起。 There were ten of us altogether. → 我们一共十个人。

🔹记忆小贴士:

altogether(一个词) = “总数 / 总体 / 完全”

all together(两个词) = “所有人/物都在一起”

🟩 3️⃣ 常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例句

not altogether

并非完全

I’m not altogether happy with the result.

an altogether different / new / separate + noun

完全不同的……

It’s an altogether new approach.

altogether + 数字

一共

Altogether 500 students attended.

taken altogether

总体上看

Taken altogether, the evidence is convincing.

🟦 4️⃣ 同义词与近义词(Synonyms)

含义

区别

completely

完全地(强调程度)

强调彻底性

entirely

全然地

常用于书面语

wholly

完全地;全部地

正式语

in total

总共

常用于数量统计

overall

总体上

更常用于书面或学术语境

📘 例句对比:

I’m not altogether convinced. I’m not completely convinced. Overall, the performance was impressive.

🟩 5️⃣ 学术用法(IELTS / TOEFL / Academic English)

📘 “altogether” 常用于书面总结或概括类句式中:

用法

示例句

Altogether, + 句子

Altogether, the findings suggest that pollution levels are rising.

Taken altogether, + 句子

Taken altogether, the results indicate a clear pattern.

Not altogether + adj

The evidence is not altogether convincing.

📘 学术改写句型:

Overall → Altogether, the research supports the hypothesis. On the whole → Altogether, this approach is effective.

✅ 在 IELTS 写作 task 2 中可用于总结或让步表达,语气正式。

🟩 6️⃣ 语法说明(Grammar Notes)

项目

内容

词性

副词

位置

通常置于句首或句尾

含义随语境不同

“总共 / 总体上 / 完全地”

否定形式

not altogether = 并非完全

🟩 7️⃣ 词源(Etymology)

Middle English: from all + together → 意为“完全地、全部地”,14世纪起固定为副词形式。

🟩 8️⃣ 典型IELTS例句

Altogether, the advantages of renewable energy outweigh its disadvantages.  总体而言,可再生能源的优势超过其劣势。 The policy was not altogether successful in reducing poverty.  该政策在减少贫困方面并非完全成功。 There were altogether five stages in the process.  这个过程一共有五个阶段。 It’s an altogether different approach to education.  这是一种完全不同的教育方法。

🟩 9️⃣ 小结总结表

项目

内容

词性

副词

核心义

总共;总体上;完全地

典型搭配

not altogether, altogether different, altogether + 数量

易混短语

all together(全都在一起)

学术用途

概括总结、让步语气

同义词

completely, overall, in total

🌸 一句话总结:

Altogether 表示“总共、总体上、完全地”,而 all together 则表示“所有人/物在一起”。前者用于抽象概念,后者用于具体集合。

🧪 aluminum(美式拼写) / aluminium(英式拼写)

📘 /əˈluːmɪnəm/ (US) /ˌæljʊˈmɪniəm/ (UK)

noun [U]

🟩 1️⃣ 基本释义(Oxford 英汉双解词典标准释义)

aluminum (US) / aluminium (BrE)

→ 铝(一种轻的银白色金属元素)

a chemical element — a light silver-coloured metal that is used to make cooking equipment and other things

📘 例句:

The frame is made of aluminum.  这个框架是用铝制成的。 Aluminum foil is used for wrapping food.  铝箔用来包食物。 Recycled aluminum saves a lot of energy.  回收铝节约了大量能源。

📘 化学符号:Al

📘 原子序数:13

🟦 2️⃣ 拼写区别(英美用法对比)

地区

拼写

发音

常用领域

🇺🇸 美国英语

aluminum

/əˈluːmɪnəm/

美式科学、工程、商业用语

🇬🇧 英国英语

aluminium

/ˌæljʊˈmɪniəm/

英联邦国家、学术写作、国际标准

📘 例句对比:

US: Aluminum cans are easy to recycle. UK: Aluminium cans are easy to recycle.

✅ 在 IELTS(英式体系)中推荐使用 aluminium,但两者意思完全相同。

🟩 3️⃣ 常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

aluminum foil

铝箔

aluminum can / container

铝罐

aluminum alloy

铝合金

aluminum window / frame / door

铝制窗/框/门

aluminum oxide

氧化铝

recycled aluminum

再生铝

pure aluminum

纯铝

📘 例句:

They used aluminum alloy to build the aircraft.  他们用铝合金建造飞机。 Cover the dish with aluminum foil before baking.  烘焙前先用铝箔盖住盘子。

🟦 4️⃣ 同义词与相关词汇(Related Terms)

词汇

含义

区别

metal

金属(总称)

aluminum 是其中一种轻金属

alloy

合金

aluminum 可用于制成合金

foil

aluminum foil = 铝箔

tin

常被误认为“tinfoil”,但现代铝箔主要是 aluminum foil

🟩 5️⃣ 学术英语用法(IELTS / TOEFL / Academic English)

📘 常见领域:

chemistry(化学) materials science(材料科学) engineering(工程) environmental studies(环境研究)

📘 学术例句:

Aluminum is widely used due to its light weight and resistance to corrosion.  由于重量轻且抗腐蚀,铝被广泛使用。 Recycling aluminum requires only 5% of the energy needed to produce new metal.  回收铝仅需制造新铝所用能量的5%。 The aircraft industry relies heavily on aluminum alloys.  航空工业高度依赖铝合金。

🟦 6️⃣ 科学特性(Scientific Facts)

性质

数值 / 特点

原子符号

Al

原子序数

13

相对原子质量

26.98

颜色

银白色金属光泽

密度

2.70 g/cm³

熔点

660°C

特征

轻质、导电、耐腐蚀、易成型

📘 常见用途:

飞机制造 ✈️ 建筑结构 🏗️ 食品包装 🥫 电线与电缆 ⚡ 家用器皿 🍳

🟩 7️⃣ 派生词(Word Family)

词形

词性

含义

示例

aluminous

adj.

含铝的;铝质的

aluminous minerals 含铝矿物

aluminize / aluminise

v.

镀铝;铝化

aluminized coating 镀铝层

alumina

n.

氧化铝

bauxite contains alumina

alum

n.

明矾

used in water purification

🟩 8️⃣ 词源(Etymology)

来自拉丁语 alumen,意为“明矾”。

19世纪英国化学家 Sir Humphry Davy 首次提出“aluminum”一词,后来英美拼写出现分化。

🟩 9️⃣ 小结总结表

项目

内容

词性

名词(不可数)

中文释义

铝(金属元素)

化学符号

Al

英美拼写

🇬🇧 aluminium 🇺🇸 aluminum

常见搭配

aluminum foil, alloy, can, oxide

学术领域

化学、材料、环保、工程

词源

来自拉丁语 alumen(明矾)

🌸 一句话总结:

Aluminum (US) / Aluminium (UK) 是一种轻质、耐腐蚀的金属,广泛用于航空、建筑和包装,是现代工业的重要材料。