单词A21

📘 anxiety · anxious · anxiously

🟩 一、词源(Etymology)

源自拉丁语 anxietas(忧虑、紧张),

来自 angere(“to choke, to cause distress”——令人窒息、压抑)。

👉 语义演变:由“压迫感”→“不安、忧虑”。

🟦 二、核心词:anxiety

📘 noun /æŋˈzaɪəti/

1️⃣ 焦虑;忧虑;担心

a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something uncertain or unpleasant.

中文释义: 焦虑;忧虑;担心。

🔹 例句:

Waiting for the exam results is a source of great anxiety.  等待考试结果让人非常焦虑。 His anxiety about the future made it difficult for him to sleep.  他对未来的忧虑让他难以入睡。 She tried to hide her anxiety behind a smile.  她试图用微笑掩饰焦虑。

📘 常见搭配:

搭配

含义

feel / experience anxiety

感到焦虑

cause / reduce anxiety

引起/缓解焦虑

anxiety about / over sth

对……感到忧虑

social anxiety

社交焦虑

anxiety disorder

焦虑症(心理学术语)

2️⃣ 渴望;强烈的愿望(正式)

a strong desire or eagerness to do something.

中文释义: 渴望;热切期望。

🔹 例句:

His anxiety to succeed drove him to work long hours.  他渴望成功,因此工作时间很长。 There is a growing anxiety among citizens for political reform.  民众对政治改革的渴望日益强烈。

📘 语体提示:

此义较正式,多见于书面或学术场合。

🟦 三、派生形容词:anxious

📘 adjective /ˈæŋkʃəs/

1️⃣ 焦虑的;担心的

feeling worried or nervous about something.

中文释义: 焦虑的;担心的;不安的。

🔹 例句:

Parents are often anxious about their children’s safety.  父母常为孩子的安全担心。 She felt anxious before giving her first public speech.  她在首次公开演讲前感到紧张。 I’m getting anxious—he’s an hour late.  我开始焦急了——他迟到了一个小时。

📘 搭配用法:

结构

示例

中文释义

anxious about sth

She was anxious about the test.

担心某事

anxious for sb

I’m anxious for you to see a doctor.

为某人担心

anxious that + 从句

We are anxious that the project succeeds.

担心/希望……

2️⃣ 渴望的;热切的

wanting something very much; eager.

中文释义: 渴望的;迫切希望的。

🔹 例句:

He was anxious to please his teacher.  他渴望取悦老师。 They are anxious for the negotiations to begin.  他们迫切希望谈判开始。 I’m anxious that we should start as soon as possible.  我希望我们尽快开始。

📘 区别:

当意为“渴望”时,语气积极; 当意为“担心”时,语气消极。 👉 含义取决于上下文。

🟦 四、副词:anxiously

📘 adverb /ˈæŋkʃəsli/

1️⃣ 焦急地;不安地

in a worried or nervous way.

中文释义: 焦急地;不安地。

🔹 例句:

She waited anxiously for the phone to ring.  她焦急地等着电话响。 He looked anxiously around the room.  他不安地环顾房间。 Parents watched anxiously as their children took the stage.  父母焦急地注视着孩子登上舞台。

2️⃣ 热切地;急切地

in a way that shows eagerness.

中文释义: 热切地;急切地。

🔹 例句:

She waited anxiously for his approval.  她急切地等待他的认可。 They are anxiously looking forward to the results.  他们迫切地期待结果。

🟩 五、词族与派生词 (Word Family)

单词

词性

含义

示例

anxiety

n.

焦虑;忧虑;渴望

anxiety about exams

anxious

adj.

焦虑的;渴望的

anxious about the future

anxiously

adv.

焦急地;热切地

waiting anxiously for news

uneasy

adj.

不安的(近义)

She felt uneasy.

worried / concerned

adj.

担心的(语气较轻)

I’m worried about you.

🟦 六、常见搭配与固定表达

表达

含义

示例

anxiety attack

焦虑发作

He suffered an anxiety attack before the exam.

anxiety disorder

焦虑症

She was diagnosed with an anxiety disorder.

social anxiety

社交焦虑

Social anxiety affects many young people.

reduce / relieve anxiety

减轻焦虑

Exercise can help relieve anxiety.

anxious to do sth

渴望做某事

I’m anxious to meet you.

anxious about sth

担心某事

He’s anxious about the future.

🟦 七、学术与 IELTS 用法

📘 常用于话题:

心理健康(mental health)、教育压力(academic stress)、社会问题(social anxiety)、未来规划等。

🔹 IELTS Writing Task 2 示例:

Many students experience high levels of anxiety before major exams.  许多学生在重大考试前会经历强烈的焦虑。 Modern society has created conditions that make people more anxious about their careers and relationships.  现代社会使人们更加焦虑于职业和人际关系。 People wait anxiously for the results of global negotiations on climate change.  人们焦急地等待全球气候谈判的结果。

🟩 八、小结表

项目

内容

anxiety

名词;焦虑,忧虑;渴望

anxious

形容词;焦虑的,担心的;渴望的

anxiously

副词;焦急地,热切地

发音

/æŋˈzaɪəti/ · /ˈæŋkʃəs/ · /ˈæŋkʃəsli/

反义词

calm, relaxed, confident

学术领域

心理学、教育学、社会学、医学

🌸 一句话总结:

anxiety 是“焦虑”的名词形式,

anxious 表示“焦虑的”或“渴望的”,

anxiously 则是副词,表达“焦急地、迫切地”,

三者在学术与日常语境中广泛用于描述心理状态与情绪反应。

📘 any · anybody · anyhow · anyone · anything · anyway · anywhere

🟦 1️⃣ any

📘 det., pron., adv. /ˈeni/

🔹① 任意一个;任何的(用于疑问句或否定句)

one, some, or every — used especially in questions or negatives.

中文释义: 任何的;任意的。

🔹 例句:

Have you got any questions?  你有任何问题吗? I don’t have any money.  我没有钱。 You can come at any time.  你可以在任何时候来。

📘 用法提示:

常用于否定句、疑问句或条件句; 在肯定句中,表示“任意的”或“无论哪个”。

🔹 例句:

Any student can join the club.  任何学生都可以加入俱乐部。

🔹② 在肯定句中表示强调(任意一个都行)

used to emphasize that something is true for every case.

Choose any color you like.  你喜欢哪个颜色都行。

🟦 2️⃣ anybody

📘 pronoun = anyone

/ˈenibɒdi/

🔹① 任何人;谁(用于否定句、疑问句或条件句)

any person; anyone.

🔹 例句:

Has anybody seen my keys?  有人看到我的钥匙吗? I don’t know anybody here.  我在这里一个人都不认识。 Anybody can learn to cook if they try.  只要努力,任何人都能学会做饭。

📘 说明:

“anybody” 常用于口语;“anyone” 稍正式。

🟦 3️⃣ anyhow

📘 adverb /ˈenihaʊ/

🔹① 无论如何;不管怎样

anyway; regardless of how.

🔹 例句:

I don’t really like him, but anyhow he helped me once.  我其实不太喜欢他,但不管怎样他帮过我一次。 We might be late, but let’s try anyhow.  我们可能会迟到,但还是试试吧。

🔹② 随便地;草率地

carelessly; without order.

🔹 例句:

He just threw his clothes down anyhow.  他随便地把衣服丢下。

🟦 4️⃣ anyone

📘 pronoun /ˈeniwʌn/

🔹① 任何人;谁(与 anybody 同义,稍正式)

any person.

🔹 例句:

Anyone can make mistakes.  任何人都会犯错。 Did anyone call while I was out?  我不在的时候有人打电话吗? I don’t know anyone in this city.  我在这个城市一个人也不认识。

🟦 5️⃣ anything

📘 pronoun /ˈeniθɪŋ/

🔹① 任何事物;一切(用于疑问句、否定句、条件句)

any object, event, or matter.

🔹 例句:

Is there anything I can do for you?  我能帮你做点什么吗? I didn’t eat anything today.  我今天什么也没吃。 You can buy anything you like.  你喜欢什么都可以买。

🔹② 在肯定句中表示强调“无论什么”

whatever; it doesn’t matter what.

🔹 例句:

I’d do anything for you.  为了你我什么都愿意做。

🟦 6️⃣ anyway

📘 adverb /ˈeniweɪ/

🔹① 无论如何;不管怎样(转折)

used to return to or emphasize the main point.

🔹 例句:

I didn’t like the movie, but I watched it anyway.  我不喜欢这部电影,但我还是看完了。 Anyway, let’s move on to the next topic.  无论如何,我们继续下一个话题吧。

🔹② 用于改变话题或继续谈话

to change the subject or resume after interruption.

🔹 例句:

Anyway, where were we?  总之,我们刚刚说到哪里?

🟦 7️⃣ anywhere

📘 adv., pron. /ˈeniweə(r)/

🔹① 在任何地方;到处(疑问句、否定句)

in, at, or to any place.

🔹 例句:

Have you seen my phone anywhere?  你在哪儿见过我的手机吗? I can’t find it anywhere.  我哪儿都找不到它。 You can sit anywhere you like.  你想坐哪儿都行。

🔹② 在肯定句中表示“无论哪里”

everywhere; wherever.

🔹 例句:

You can go anywhere in the world with a passport.  有护照你可以去世界上任何地方。

🟩 🧭 对比与小结表

单词

词性

含义

典型句型

any

det./pron./adv.

任何;任意

I don’t have any money.

anybody

pron.

任何人(口语)

Anybody can do it.

anyone

pron.

任何人(正式)

Has anyone called?

anything

pron.

任何事物

Don’t say anything.

anyhow

adv.

不管怎样;随便地

Do it anyhow.

anyway

adv.

无论如何;转话题

Anyway, let’s continue.

anywhere

adv./pron.

任何地方

You can go anywhere.

🟦 🌸 小结口诀

any 万能引路词,

人用 anyone / anybody,

事物 anything,

地方 anywhere,

转话题 anyway,

随便干 anyhow。

📘 apart · apartment

🟩 一、apart

📘 adverb, adjective, preposition

/əˈpɑːt/

🔹① 分开地;相隔地;成距离地

separated by a distance or by time; not together.

中文释义: 分开地;相隔地。

🔹 例句:

The two houses are only 200 metres apart.  这两座房子相隔仅200米。 They live apart, though they are still married.  他们虽然还没离婚,但已经分居了。 My birthday and hers are two weeks apart.  我的生日和她的生日相隔两周。

📘 搭配:

set apart from(使与众不同)  > Her style sets her apart from other singers.  她的风格使她区别于其他歌手。

🔹② 分离地;隔开地(物理或情感上)

separated by force or intention.

🔹 例句:

The explosion tore the building apart.  爆炸把建筑物炸裂了。 They were forced apart by circumstances.  他们被环境所迫而分开。

🔹③ 除外;撇开(用于 apart from)

except for; besides.

🔹 例句:

Apart from John, everyone came.  除了约翰,大家都来了。 Apart from the weather, it was a wonderful trip.  除了天气不好,这次旅行非常棒。

🔹④ 成碎片;分崩离析

into pieces; destroyed.

🔹 例句:

The group fell apart after the scandal.  丑闻后这个团体解体了。 She’s falling apart under pressure.  她在压力下快要崩溃了。

📘 常见短语:

短语

含义

例句

set apart from

使与众不同

Her talent sets her apart.

tear apart

撕裂;使心碎

The war tore the country apart.

fall apart

分裂;崩溃

Their marriage fell apart.

tell apart

区分

I can’t tell the twins apart.

apart from

除了;此外

Apart from rain, everything’s fine.

🟩 二、apartment

📘 noun /əˈpɑːtmənt/

(英式英語中常作 flat)

🔹① 公寓;单元住宅

a set of rooms forming one residence in a building, usually on one floor.

中文释义: 公寓;套房。

🔹 例句:

They live in a modern apartment in the city centre.  他们住在市中心的一间现代公寓里。 We rented an apartment overlooking the sea.  我们租了一套可以看到大海的公寓。

🔹② (豪华住宅中的)房间;套间(正式)

(formal) a set of rooms in a large house or building.

🔹 例句:

The royal apartments are open to the public.  王室套间对公众开放。

📘 词汇比较:

英式用法

美式用法

含义

flat

apartment

公寓住房

block of flats

apartment building

公寓大楼

🔹③ 常见短语与搭配:

搭配

含义

示例

apartment building

公寓大楼

They bought an apartment in a new building.

apartment complex

公寓小区

The apartment complex has a gym and pool.

furnished apartment

配家具的公寓

We found a furnished apartment for rent.

studio apartment

单间公寓

She lives in a small studio apartment.

apartment rent

公寓租金

Apartment rent is high in the city.

🟩 三、词族与派生(Word Family)

单词

词性

含义

apart

adv./adj./prep.

分开地;相隔地

apartment

n.

公寓;套房

apartness

n.

分离状态;独立性

depart

v.

离开(词根相似)

compartment

n.

隔间,分区(与 -part 同根)

🟦 四、IELTS / 学术用法要点

apart from 在雅思写作中非常常见,表示“除了……以外”: Apart from economic growth, education also plays a vital role. 除了经济增长外,教育也起着至关重要的作用。 apartment 常用于 Task 1 描述住房或社会生活类题: More people now prefer to live in apartments in urban areas. 现在越来越多人喜欢住在城市公寓中。

🟩 五、总结对照表

项目

apart

apartment

词性

副词 / 形容词 / 介词

名词

中文释义

分开地;除外

公寓;套间

常见短语

apart from, fall apart, set apart

apartment building, furnished apartment

典型句型

They live apart. / Apart from him, all came.

She bought an apartment downtown.

语体

通用、书面常见

美式常用(英式:flat)

🌸 一句话总结:

apart 表示“分开”或“除外”;

apartment 则是“供人居住的一套房间”——

二者同源于 “part(部分)”,但一个表示“分离”,一个表示“部分空间(住所)”。

📘 ape

🟩 一、词汇基本信息

📖 noun, verb

音标:/eɪp/

词源:来自拉丁语 apa(猿),后进入古英语 apa,意为“无尾猴或猿”。

🟦 二、名词义项(noun)

🔹① 类人猿;猿(无尾灵长类动物)

a large animal like a monkey, with no tail.

中文释义: 类人猿;猿(包括大猩猩、黑猩猩、红毛猩猩等)。

🔹 例句:

Gorillas and chimpanzees are apes.  大猩猩和黑猩猩都是猿。 Humans evolved from ape-like ancestors.  人类是从类猿的祖先进化而来的。

📘 注意:

ape ≠ monkey ape:无尾、体型大、智力高(如黑猩猩)。 monkey:有尾巴、体型小(如猴子)。

对比

含义

示例

ape

无尾猿类

gorilla, chimpanzee

monkey

有尾猴类

macaque, baboon

🔹② 【非正式·贬义】笨拙的人;模仿别人者

(informal) a person who imitates others in a clumsy way.

中文释义: 模仿者(尤其是笨拙模仿他人行为的人)。

🔹 例句:

He’s just an ape trying to copy his boss.  他只是个模仿上司的傻瓜。

🟦 三、动词义项(verb)

🔹① 模仿;仿效(尤指笨拙或无理解地模仿)

to copy the way someone behaves or speaks, especially when not understanding it properly.

中文释义: 模仿(尤指不理解含义的模仿);盲目模仿。

🔹 例句:

Children often ape their parents’ actions.  孩子常常模仿父母的行为。 He just aped my presentation without adding anything new.  他只是照搬了我的报告,没有加任何新内容。

📘 用法提示:

通常带有 贬义,暗示“盲从、模仿而不理解”。

🔹② (文学用法)仿造;效仿

to imitate the appearance or behavior of something in an exaggerated or artistic way.

🔹 例句:

The new building apes classical Greek style.  这座新建筑模仿了古希腊风格。

🟩 四、词族(Word Family)

单词

词性

含义

ape

n./v.

猿;模仿

aping

n. / v-ing

模仿行为

apish

adj.

愚蠢地模仿的;猿样的

apishly

adv.

模仿地;滑稽地

apishness

n.

模仿癖;愚蠢行为

🟦 五、常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例

ape-like creature

类猿生物

Early humans were ape-like creatures.

to ape somebody

模仿某人

He aped his teacher’s gestures.

human ape

类人猿

The gorilla is a kind of human ape.

🟦 六、学术与雅思用法

📘 在学术语境中:

“ape” 常用于 进化论(evolution) 与 人类学(anthropology) 领域。 Humans share a common ancestor with the great apes. 人类与大型猿类拥有共同的祖先。

📘 在写作中(比喻用法):

表示“盲目模仿他人”的社会批评语气。 Many modern buildings merely ape Western designs. 许多现代建筑只是盲目模仿西方设计。

🟩 七、例句汇总

The ape is more intelligent than most animals.  猿比大多数动物都聪明。 She aped her friend’s accent just for fun.  她出于好玩模仿朋友的口音。 He behaves like an ape, always copying others.  他像只猿,总是模仿别人。

🟦 八、小结表

项目

内容

词性

名词 / 动词

发音

/eɪp/

名词义

猿;模仿他人的人

动词义

模仿;仿效(带贬义)

语气

通常带贬义,表示“愚蠢地模仿”

同义词

imitate, mimic, copy

反义词

create, originate

学术用法

进化论、生物学语境中指“类人猿”

🌸 一句话总结:

ape 既指“猿”(名词),也可作动词意为“盲目模仿”,

常用于讽刺式语境中,暗示缺乏理解力的模仿行为。

📘 apologize

🟩 一、词汇基本信息

📖 verb(动词)

音标:/əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/(英); /əˈpɑːlədʒaɪz/(美)

词源:来自希腊语 apologia(辩解),后演变为“道歉、致歉”。

🟦 二、词义解析

🔹① 道歉;认错;谢罪

to say sorry for something wrong that you have done.

中文释义: 道歉;认错;为…表示歉意。

🔹 例句:

She apologized for being late.  她为迟到而道歉。 He apologized to his teacher for his rude behavior.  他为自己无礼的行为向老师道歉。 I must apologize—I forgot your birthday.  真抱歉——我忘了你的生日。

🟩 三、语法与搭配

常见搭配

结构

示例

apologize to + 人

向某人道歉

She apologized to me.

apologize for + 原因/行为

为某事道歉

He apologized for his mistake.

apologize for doing sth

为做某事道歉

She apologized for interrupting.

apologize that + 从句

因某事而道歉

I apologize that I couldn’t attend the meeting.

📘 注意:

apologize 是 动词,英式拼法为 apologise(s),美式为 apologize(z)。 句中通常同时出现 “to + 人” 和 “for + 原因”。

✅ 正确表达:

I apologized to her for my mistake.

❌ 错误表达:

I apologized her for my mistake.(少了 to)

🟦 四、常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例

formally apologize

正式道歉

The company formally apologized to the customers.

publicly apologize

公开道歉

The politician publicly apologized for his remarks.

sincerely apologize

真诚地道歉

I sincerely apologize for any inconvenience caused.

apologize profusely

一再道歉,频频致歉

He apologized profusely for his behavior.

🟩 五、词族(Word Family)

单词

词性

含义

示例

apologize

v.

道歉

He apologized to her.

apology

n.

道歉;歉意

Please accept my apology.

apologetic

adj.

道歉的;带歉意的

He gave me an apologetic smile.

apologetically

adv.

抱歉地;带歉意地

She smiled apologetically.

🟦 六、同义表达

含义

同义词

示例

承认过错

say sorry

I said sorry for forgetting.

表示遗憾

express regret

He expressed regret for the mistake.

解释辩解(正式)

make an apology

The firm made an apology to customers.

🟦 七、常见语境

📘 1️⃣ 生活交流:

I really apologize for being so careless.

 我真为自己这么粗心而道歉。

📘 2️⃣ 工作/正式语境:

We sincerely apologize for the delay in your order.

 我们诚挚地为您的订单延迟致歉。

📘 3️⃣ 雅思写作/信件常用表达:

I am writing to apologize for the inconvenience caused. Please accept my sincere apologies for the misunderstanding.

🟩 八、小结表

项目

内容

词性

动词

发音

/əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/

英式拼法

apologise

美式拼法

apologize

基本义

道歉;谢罪

主要结构

apologize to sb for sth

名词形式

apology

形容词形式

apologetic

副词形式

apologetically

常用语气

正式或礼貌用语,表达歉意

🌸 一句话总结:

apologize 表示“为错误行为表示歉意”,

常用结构是 apologize to sb for sth,

雅思信件写作中非常实用。

📘 apparatus

🟩 一、词汇基本信息

词性: noun(名词)

音标: /ˌæpəˈreɪtəs/(英); /ˌæpəˈrætəs/(美)

复数: apparatuses 或 apparatus(尤指集合意义时)

词源: 拉丁语 apparatus “装备、准备” ← apparare(准备 prepare)

🟦 二、词义解析

🔹① 器械;仪器;装置(machines or equipment used for a specific purpose)

the tools or equipment needed for a particular activity or purpose

📘 中文释义: 器械;仪器;设备

🔹 例句:

Firefighters needed breathing apparatus to enter the burning building.  消防员需要呼吸器才能进入燃烧的建筑。 The laboratory is equipped with modern scientific apparatus.  实验室配备了现代化的科学仪器。

📚 常见搭配:

搭配

含义

laboratory apparatus

实验仪器

medical apparatus

医疗器械

electrical apparatus

电器设备

safety apparatus

安全装置

🔹② 机构;组织;体系(system or structure of organization)

the structure of a system or organization, especially a political or government one

📘 中文释义: (尤指政党或政府的)机构;组织体系

🔹 例句:

The state apparatus was tightly controlled by the ruling party.  国家机构受到执政党的严格控制。 The Soviet apparatus was known for its bureaucracy.  苏联的官僚体系广为人知。

📚 常见搭配:

搭配

含义

government apparatus

政府机构

party apparatus

政党组织

administrative apparatus

行政体系

🔹③ (生理)系统;器官结构

a system of organs in the body that perform a particular function

📘 中文释义: (身体的)器官系统

🔹 例句:

the digestive apparatus (消化系统) the respiratory apparatus (呼吸系统)

🟩 三、语法与用法

特征

说明

可数/不可数

多数情况下为 可数名词,但用于泛指设备或组织时常作 不可数。

复数形式

apparatuses(用于具体机器设备)或 apparatus(用于集合意义)。

用法领域

科学、医学、政治学、社会学等正式语域中常见。

🟦 四、词族(Word Family)

单词

词性

含义

apparatus

n.

器械;设备;机构

apparel (同源词)

n.

衣服(古义“装备”)

prepare (词根同源)

v.

准备;预备

🟩 五、同义与近义表达

语境

同义词

示例

“设备、装置”

equipment, device, instrument, machinery

The medical apparatus includes monitors and ventilators.

“组织体系”

system, organization, structure

The administrative apparatus needs reform.

“人体系统”

system, organ system

the nervous apparatus = the nervous system

🟦 六、常见搭配与固定短语

表达

含义

示例

firefighting apparatus

消防设备

Firefighting apparatus must be checked regularly.

breathing apparatus

呼吸器

Divers use breathing apparatus under water.

government apparatus

政府机构

The government apparatus is undergoing reform.

party apparatus

党务体系

He worked within the Communist Party apparatus.

🟩 七、学术用例(雅思/学术英语)

📘 IELTS Writing Task 2 / Academic Example:

The effectiveness of a nation’s legal apparatus determines the level of justice in society.

 一个国家法律体系的有效性决定了社会的公正程度。

📘 Formal Report Example:

The research laboratory purchased new testing apparatus to ensure precision in measurement.

 研究实验室购买了新的测试仪器以确保测量精确性。

🟦 八、小结表

项目

内容

词性

名词 (countable / uncountable)

发音

/ˌæpəˈreɪtəs/

基本义

器械;装置;机构;系统

常见领域

科学、医学、政治、社会

同义词

equipment, device, system, organization

常见搭配

laboratory apparatus, government apparatus, breathing apparatus

🌸 一句话总结:

apparatus 既可指“设备仪器”,也可指“体制体系”;

在雅思写作中多用于学术与正式语境,如 political apparatus 或 scientific apparatus。