单词A27

🟦 article

/ˈɑːr.tɪ.kəl/

noun

一、名词(noun)

1️⃣ 文章;论文

a piece of writing on a particular subject, published in a newspaper, magazine, or journal

(报纸、杂志或学术期刊上的)文章、论文

📘 例句

I read an interesting article about climate change.  我读了一篇关于气候变化的有趣文章。 The journal publishes peer-reviewed articles in economics.  该期刊发表经济学领域的同行评审文章。

同义词: paper, essay, report, study, composition

2️⃣ 物品,商品

a particular thing or object

物品,东西

📘 例句

The store sells household articles.  商店出售家用物品。 Personal articles must be kept in a safe place.  个人物品必须妥善保管。

同义词: item, object, thing, product, commodity

3️⃣ 条款,条文(法律 / 合同用法)

a separate section or clause of a legal document, contract, or treaty

(法律文件、合同或条约的)条款

📘 例句

Article 5 of the constitution guarantees freedom of speech.  宪法第5条保障言论自由。 The contract contains an article on dispute resolution.  合同中包含关于争议解决的条款。

同义词: clause, section, provision, paragraph

二、派生词(Derived Words)

派生词

词性

释义

articulate

verb / adj

清楚表达;口齿清晰的

articulation

noun

清晰表达;连接;关节(解剖学)

articled

verb / adj

(尤指法律、会计学徒)签约学徒的

📘 学术例句

The journal published an article on renewable energy technologies.  该期刊发表了一篇关于可再生能源技术的文章。 Article 10 of the treaty outlines the responsibilities of each party.  条约第10条概述了各方的责任。

🔹雅思学术用法

学术 / 法律 / 商业 / 新闻报道中常用 描述论文、研究成果、合同条款或物品 写作中可以区分“文章 vs 条款 vs 物品”,提高表达精确度

📘 IELTS Academic Example

Many students cite journal articles when writing research papers.  许多学生在撰写研究论文时引用期刊文章。 Article 3 of the international agreement defines environmental responsibilities.  国际协议第3条定义了环境责任。

✅ 总结

article 可作名词表示“文章 / 物品 / 条款”,在学术写作中尤其常用于论文、期刊、合同条文或法律条款。

主要派生词:articulate / articulation / articled

同义词:paper / essay / item / clause / section

雅思写作中可用于学术引用、法律条文、商业或新闻报道场景。

🟦 artificial

/ˌɑːr.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/

adjective

一、形容词(adjective)

1️⃣ 人工的,人造的

made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally

人工制造的,非自然生成的

📘 例句

The plant was artificial, made entirely of plastic.  这株植物是人造的,完全由塑料制成。 Many foods contain artificial additives.  许多食品含有人工添加剂。

同义词: synthetic, man-made, manufactured, fabricated

2️⃣ 假的,不自然的

not genuine; intended to copy or mimic something natural

假的;不自然的;模仿自然的

📘 例句

He gave an artificial smile to please his boss.  为了取悦老板,他露出了假笑。 The conversation sounded artificial and forced.  对话听起来不自然,很勉强。

同义词: fake, insincere, unnatural, contrived

二、派生词(Derived Words)

派生词

词性

释义

artificially

adv

人工地;人为地;不自然地

artificiality

noun

人工性;不自然;矫揉造作

📘 学术例句

The experiment was conducted under artificial conditions.  实验在人工条件下进行。 Food colorings are often added artificially.  食品色素通常是人工添加的。 The artificiality of the setting made the scene seem staged.  环境的不自然让场景显得摆拍。

🔹雅思学术用法

科技 / 食品 / 医学 / 教育 / 环境写作中常用 描述人工制造、实验条件或非自然现象 可以用来对比自然 vs 人工,强调科学、技术或方法的特点

📘 IELTS Academic Example

Scientists created artificial skin to test new treatments.  科学家制造了人工皮肤以测试新疗法。 Many urban landscapes contain artificial lakes and greenery.  许多城市景观包含人工湖泊和绿地。

✅ 总结

artificial 表示“人工的 / 假的 / 不自然的”,副词 artificially 和名词 artificiality 用于描述人工性或不自然性。

同义词:synthetic / man-made / fake / contrived / fabricated

雅思写作中用于科技、环境、医学、食品等领域的学术表达。

🟦 ascend

/əˈsend/

verb 【formal / literary】

一、动词(verb)

1️⃣ 上升;升高;攀登

to go up; to move or climb to a higher position or level

上升;升高;登上

📘 例句

The path ascends to the mountain peak.  小路一直通向山顶。 Smoke ascended into the clear morning sky.  烟雾升向清晨的天空。 Prices have ascended steadily over the past decade.  过去十年价格稳步上涨。

同义词: rise, climb, mount, go up, soar, escalate

2️⃣ 晋升;登上(权力、地位等)

to rise to a position of higher rank or greater power

升至更高职位;登上(王位、宝座等)

📘 例句

Queen Elizabeth II ascended the throne in 1952.  伊丽莎白二世女王于1952年登基。 He ascended to the position of director after years of hard work.  经过多年努力,他升任主任一职。

同义词: rise, advance, elevate, promote, climb, succeed

二、派生词(Derived Words)

派生词

词性

释义

ascendancy /əˈsendənsi/

noun

优势;支配地位;统治权

ascendant /əˈsendənt/

noun / adj

上升的;优势的;支配的

ascension /əˈsenʃn/

noun

上升;升天(尤指宗教语境)

ascending

adj

上升的;增长的

📘 例句

The company has gained ascendancy in the market.  该公司在市场上获得了优势地位。 He is in an ascendant position within the party.  他在党内处于上升地位。 An ascending order was used to sort the data.  数据按升序排列。

🔹雅思学术用法

常用于 科学、地理、商业、社会地位 等语境。 雅思写作 Task 1(图表题)中可作为 “increase / rise” 的正式替代表达。 在正式写作中表达“上升趋势”或“晋升”时更具学术性。

📘 IELTS Academic Example

The line graph shows that the population of urban areas has ascended steadily since 2000.  折线图显示自2000年以来城市人口稳步上升。 The company’s influence has been in the ascendant over the past few years.  近年来该公司的影响力一直在上升。

✅ 总结

ascend 表示“上升、攀登、晋升”,既可用于物理高度,也可用于地位或趋势。

主要派生词:ascendancy / ascendant / ascension / ascending

同义词:rise / climb / mount / soar / advance / elevate

雅思写作常用于描述趋势、社会地位变化或科学现象。

🟦 ascertain

/ˌæs.ɚˈteɪn/

verb 【formal】

一、动词(verb)

1️⃣ 查明;弄清;确定(事实、真相等)

to find out or discover something with certainty, especially through examination or investigation

查明,弄清楚(尤指经过仔细调查或研究)

📘 例句

The police are trying to ascertain the cause of the accident.  警方正在设法查明事故的原因。 It is difficult to ascertain whether the data are reliable.  很难确定这些数据是否可靠。 The scientist attempted to ascertain the chemical composition of the sample.  那位科学家试图弄清样品的化学成分。

同义词: determine, verify, confirm, establish, discover, find out

2️⃣ 查实;核实(信息、事实、情况)

to make sure of something by checking or investigating

确认;核实

📘 例句

We must ascertain that all safety standards are met.  我们必须核实所有安全标准是否达标。 Before publishing, the journalist tried to ascertain the truth of the story.  记者在发表前试图核实报道的真实性。

同义词: check, ensure, validate, substantiate, authenticate

二、派生词(Derived Words)

派生词

词性

释义

ascertainable

adj

可查明的;可确定的

ascertainment

noun

查明;确定;探知(正式用语)

📘 例句

The exact time of death is not yet ascertainable.  死亡的确切时间尚不可确定。 The ascertainment of the facts required months of research.  查明事实花费了数月的研究。

🔹雅思学术用法

在 IELTS Academic Writing Task 1 & 2 中,ascertain 是一个高分的正式动词,可用于:

研究调查类句子(research / data analysis) 表示“确定、查明、验证” 代替较常见的 “find out” 或 “make sure”

📘 IELTS Academic Examples

Further research is needed to ascertain the long-term effects of climate change.  还需要进一步研究以确定气候变化的长期影响。 The survey aims to ascertain students’ attitudes towards online learning.  该调查旨在查明学生对网络学习的态度。 It was difficult to ascertain whether the experiment had been successful.  难以确定实验是否成功。

✅ 总结

ascertain 是一个正式、学术性强的动词,意为“查明 / 确定 / 弄清”。

常用于调查、研究、验证、科学分析等语境。

主要派生词:ascertainable / ascertainment

同义词:determine / verify / confirm / establish / discover / find out / ensure

雅思写作中是“find out”的高级替代词,能显著提升正式度。

🟦 ASEAN

/ˈæsiæn/ 或 /ˈɑːziɑːn/

noun

一、释义(Definition)

🔹ASEAN

= Association of Southeast Asian Nations

东南亚国家联盟

A political and economic organization of ten countries in Southeast Asia that aims to promote regional peace, stability, and economic growth.

东南亚十国组成的政治与经济组织,旨在促进地区和平、稳定与经济发展。

二、成员国(Member States)

(截至2025年仍为10个成员国)

1️⃣ Indonesia 印度尼西亚

2️⃣ Malaysia 马来西亚

3️⃣ Philippines 菲律宾

4️⃣ Singapore 新加坡

5️⃣ Thailand 泰国

6️⃣ Brunei 文莱

7️⃣ Vietnam 越南

8️⃣ Laos 老挝

9️⃣ Myanmar 缅甸

🔟 Cambodia 柬埔寨

**三、成立背景(Background)

成立时间:1967年8月8日 创始成员国:Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand 总部:Jakarta, Indonesia 主要目标: 促进地区经济增长与社会文化发展 维护地区和平与安全 推动成员国间合作与互助 增强国际谈判中的共同地位

四、常见搭配(Common Collocations)

短语

含义

示例

ASEAN countries / nations

东盟国家

ASEAN countries have agreed to reduce trade barriers.

ASEAN summit

东盟峰会

The ASEAN summit was held in Jakarta this year.

ASEAN community

东盟共同体

The ASEAN community aims to strengthen regional integration.

ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)

东盟自由贸易区

AFTA promotes free trade among ASEAN members.

ASEAN Charter

东盟宪章

The ASEAN Charter was adopted in 2007.

五、同义/相关表达(Synonyms / Related Terms)

词汇

说明

EU

European Union(欧洲联盟)— 欧洲的区域组织

APEC

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(亚太经合组织)

NAFTA / USMCA

北美自由贸易协定(或改版美墨加协定)

AU

African Union(非洲联盟)

**六、雅思学术用法(IELTS Academic Usage)

在 雅思写作 Task 2 与 口语 Part 3 中,

ASEAN 常用于涉及国际关系、全球化、区域合作、经济发展等议题。

📘 示例句:

ASEAN plays a crucial role in maintaining regional stability in Southeast Asia.  东盟在维护东南亚地区稳定中发挥着关键作用。 Economic integration within ASEAN has boosted trade and investment among its members.  东盟内部的经济一体化促进了成员国间的贸易与投资。 The ASEAN community aims to create a single market similar to the European Union.  东盟共同体旨在建立类似欧盟的单一市场。

✅ 总结

项目

内容

全称

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

中文

东南亚国家联盟

成立时间

1967年

成员国

10个

总部

印度尼西亚雅加达

性质

政治与经济合作组织

主要目标

区域和平、稳定、繁荣、合作

常见搭配

ASEAN summit, ASEAN countries, ASEAN Free Trade Area

雅思用途

国际关系、经济发展、全球化类作文与口语

🟩 ash

/æʃ/

noun (名词)

【可数/不可数】

一、释义(Definitions)

1️⃣ [U] 灰;灰烬

The soft grey or white powder that is left after something, especially tobacco, wood, or coal, has burnt.

燃烧后留下的柔软灰色或白色粉末,尤指烟灰、木灰或煤灰。

📘 Example:

Cigarette ash fell onto the carpet.  烟灰掉到了地毯上。 The village was buried under volcanic ash.  村庄被火山灰掩埋。

🔹常见同义词(Synonyms):

cinder(煤渣) dust(尘埃) soot(烟灰)

2️⃣ [C] (尤指人的)骨灰

The powder that remains after a dead person’s body has been cremated.

火化后遗留下的骨灰。

📘 Example:

The family scattered his ashes at sea.  家人将他的骨灰撒入大海。

3️⃣ [C] 白蜡树(ash tree)

A tall tree with leaves divided into many small parts and hard wood used for making tools and furniture.

一种高大的落叶树,木质坚硬,常用于制作工具和家具。

📘 Example:

The bench was made of ash.  这张长凳是白蜡木制成的。

🔹派生词(Derivatives):

ash tree 白蜡树 ash wood 白蜡木 ash-gray / ash-grey 灰白色的

二、词源(Etymology)

来自古英语 æsc,原义为“白蜡树”与“灰”,与“火”或“燃烧”相关。

三、常见搭配(Common Collocations)

搭配

中文释义

示例

volcanic ash

火山灰

The eruption covered the city with volcanic ash.

ash cloud

灰云(火山喷发形成)

Flights were cancelled due to the ash cloud.

ashtray

烟灰缸

He tapped his cigarette into the ashtray.

turn to ashes

化为灰烬

Their hopes turned to ashes after the disaster.

scatter ashes

撒骨灰

They scattered her ashes in the garden.

四、同义词与相关词(Synonyms & Related Words)

类别

同义词

区别

dust, cinder, soot

dust 泛指尘土;cinder 含未完全燃烧的碳块;soot 指黑色烟灰。

木材

oak, maple, birch

不同木种,ash 木较坚韧,常用于工具手柄。

五、雅思学术用法(IELTS Academic Usage)

在雅思**阅读、写作 Task 1(自然灾害类)**中,ash 常与 volcano、eruption、lava 搭配出现。

📗 IELTS Example Sentences:

The volcanic ash severely disrupted air traffic across Europe.  火山灰严重扰乱了整个欧洲的航空交通。 Ash from the eruption spread hundreds of kilometers, affecting agriculture.  火山喷发的灰烬扩散数百公里,影响了农业生产。

🧠 Academic Collocations:

ash particles 灰烬颗粒 ash dispersion 灰烬扩散 ash concentration 灰浓度

✅ 总结表

项目

内容

词性

名词(n.)

主要含义

灰烬;骨灰;白蜡树

发音

/æʃ/

常见短语

volcanic ash, ashtray, scatter ashes

同义词

dust, soot, cinder

派生词

ash-gray, ash tree

雅思话题

自然灾害、环境、植物学、葬俗文化

🟦 ashamed

/əˈʃeɪmd/

adjective (形容词)

一、释义(Definitions)

1️⃣ 感到羞愧的;惭愧的;内疚的

Feeling guilty or embarrassed because of something you have done or because of what someone connected with you has done.

因自己(或与自己有关的人)做了某事而感到羞耻或惭愧。

📘 例句 Examples:

She felt deeply ashamed of her behavior.  她对自己的行为感到十分羞愧。 You should be ashamed of yourself for telling lies!  你说谎真该感到惭愧! He looked ashamed when his mistake was pointed out.  当别人指出他的错误时,他显得很不好意思。

🔹搭配短语(Collocations):

feel ashamed of sth/sb — 因某事/某人感到羞愧 ashamed to do sth — 不好意思做某事 ashamed that… — 因……而感到惭愧

二、语义用法(Usage Notes)

区别词

含义

例句

ashamed

内疚、羞愧(强调道德层面)

I’m ashamed that I was rude to her.

embarrassed

尴尬、难堪(更轻微)

I felt embarrassed when I forgot his name.

🟢 记忆要点:

ashamed 带有“道德惭愧”意味,而 embarrassed 仅指“社交尴尬”。

三、常见结构(Common Structures)

结构

示例

ashamed of + n./gerund

He’s ashamed of lying to his parents.

ashamed to + infinitive

She was ashamed to admit her mistake.

ashamed that + clause

I’m ashamed that I didn’t help her.

四、同义词(Synonyms)

同义词

含义

语气强度

guilty

有罪的;内疚的(侧重责任感)

★★★★

contrite

悔恨的(书面正式)

★★★★★

penitent

忏悔的(宗教/文学)

★★★★★

embarrassed

尴尬的(轻微)

★★

humiliated

羞辱的,感到被贬低的

★★★★

五、派生词(Derivatives)

派生词

词性

含义

shame

n./v.

羞耻;使羞愧

shameful

adj.

可耻的,不光彩的

shameless

adj.

无耻的,不害羞的

shamefully

adv.

可耻地,丢脸地

shamelessly

adv.

厚颜无耻地

📘 例句:

It was a shameful act of betrayal.  那是可耻的背叛行为。 He shamelessly took credit for her work.  他厚颜无耻地窃取了她的功劳。

六、雅思学术用法(IELTS Academic Usage)

话题适用领域:社会行为、伦理、心理学、文化价值观等。

📗 IELTS Writing Example Sentences:

Some people feel ashamed to ask for financial help, even when necessary.  有些人即使在需要时,也会因请求经济援助而感到羞愧。 In certain cultures, failure is seen as something to be ashamed of.  在某些文化中,失败被视为一种羞耻。

📘 IELTS Speaking Example:

“I once failed an important exam, and I was really ashamed because I hadn’t prepared properly.”

✅ 总结表

项目

内容

词性

形容词(adj.)

发音

/əˈʃeɪmd/

核心义

羞愧的,惭愧的

常见搭配

ashamed of, ashamed to do, ashamed that

同义词

guilty, contrite, embarrassed, humiliated

派生词

shame, shameful, shameless, shamefully, shamelessly

雅思领域

心理学、文化、社会伦理类作文

🟦 ashore

/əˈʃɔːr/

adverb (副词)

一、释义(Definitions)

1️⃣ 在岸上;上岸地;向岸上

Towards or onto the shore from the sea, a river, or a lake.

从海上、河里或湖中朝岸边、到岸上。

📘 例句 Examples:

We swam ashore before the boat sank.  船沉之前我们游到了岸上。 The crew managed to get ashore after the storm.  船员们在暴风雨后设法登上了岸。 Many dead fish were washed ashore by the tide.  许多死鱼被潮水冲上了岸。

二、语法与用法(Grammar & Usage)

ashore 是 副词,不能作名词或动词使用。 常与动词如 go / come / swim / wash / drive / bring 等连用。

📘 常见搭配(Collocations):

动词 + ashore

中文释义

示例

go ashore

上岸

The passengers went ashore to explore the island.

come ashore

登岸

After three days at sea, we finally came ashore.

wash ashore

被冲上岸

The wreckage was washed ashore.

drive ashore

驶向岸边

The storm drove the ship ashore.

bring ashore

把……带到岸上

They brought the nets ashore.

三、词义辨析(Synonyms & Related Words)

词汇

含义

区别

ashore

向岸上,靠岸

表方向或位置(副词)

onshore

在岸上的;陆上的

常作形容词(e.g. onshore wind)

offshore

离岸的;在海上的

与 onshore 相对

shore

岸,岸边(名词)

表地点而非动作方向

🟢 记忆技巧:

“ashore” = a(toward)+ shore(岸) → 表“向岸上”

四、同义词(Synonyms)

同义词

用法说明

landward

向陆地的(较正式或文学)

coastward

向海岸的(较少见)

toward the shore

朝岸边(同义短语)

五、雅思学术用法(IELTS Academic Usage)

常见主题:环境、海洋学、自然灾害、航海历史、生态学。

📗 IELTS Reading/Listening 常见搭配:

“washed ashore” — 被冲上海岸(用于描述漂流物或污染) “come ashore” — 生物迁移、登陆 “oil slick drifted ashore” — 油污漂上岸

📘 IELTS Example Sentences:

Thousands of tons of plastic waste are washed ashore every year.  每年有数千吨塑料垃圾被冲上岸。 The hurricane forced several fishing boats ashore.  飓风迫使几艘渔船靠岸。

六、词源(Etymology)

来自 a-(表示方向)+ shore(岸),原义即“朝岸上”。源自中古英语,用于航海场景。

✅ 总结表

项目

内容

词性

副词(adverb)

发音

/əˈʃɔːr/

核心义

在岸上;向岸上

常见搭配

go ashore, come ashore, wash ashore

同义词

landward, toward the shore

对比词

offshore, onshore

雅思话题

海洋生态、环境污染、航运、自然灾害