单词A33

🟦 auxiliary

/ɔːɡˈzɪl.i.ə.ri/(英) /ɑːɡˈzɪl.i.er.i/(美)

noun [C] | adjective

一、核心释义(Core Meanings)

🔹1. (adj.)辅助的;备用的;附属的

providing extra help or support; additional; supplementary

📘 中文释义:

辅助的;备用的;附属的 —— 用于帮助主要系统、机构或人员的。

📗 例句 Examples:

An auxiliary nurse assists doctors in caring for patients.  助理护士协助医生照顾病人。 The ship has an auxiliary engine in case the main one fails.  该船配有备用发动机以防主机故障。 The college runs an auxiliary program for international students.  该学院为国际学生开设了辅助课程。

📙 同义词(Synonyms):

secondary, supportive, assistant, subsidiary, supplementary, backup

📒 反义词(Antonyms):

principal, main, primary

🔹2. (n.)助动词;辅助人员;辅助机构

a person or thing that gives help; a helper; in grammar, a verb used with another verb to form tenses, voices, etc.

📘 中文释义:

(1) 辅助人员;助手

(2) 助动词(语法术语)

📗 例句 Examples:

The hospital has a group of volunteer auxiliaries.  这家医院有一组志愿辅助人员。 In English, be, do, and have are auxiliaries used to form tenses.  英语中的 be、do 和 have 是用来构成时态的助动词。

📘 常见搭配(Common Collocations):

搭配

含义

auxiliary staff

助理人员

auxiliary engine

辅助发动机

auxiliary power unit

辅助动力装置(APU)

auxiliary verb

助动词(语法)

auxiliary function/system

辅助功能/系统

二、学术用法(Academic Usage – IELTS Focus)

📘 雅思常见话题领域:

🔹 Engineering 🔹 Grammar 🔹 Education 🔹 Technology

📗 IELTS Writing Task 2 Examples:

Modern aircrafts rely on auxiliary power units to support main engines.  现代飞机依赖辅助动力装置来支持主引擎。 In English grammar, auxiliary verbs such as will and have help to express time and mood.  在英语语法中,will 和 have 等助动词帮助表达时间和语气。

📘 IELTS Vocabulary Tip:

使用 “auxiliary system / device / support” 可以在科技类作文中提升词汇等级。

三、派生词(Derivatives)

派生词

词性

含义

例句

auxiliaries

n. plural

辅助人员;助动词(复数)

The auxiliaries provided essential support during the mission.

auxiliaryship

n.

辅助身份、助理职位(罕用)

She served in an auxiliaryship under the chief engineer.

四、词源(Etymology)

来自拉丁语 auxilium(帮助、援助),派生自 auxiliarius(辅助的)。

📖 与动词 augere(to increase, to help)同源。

五、同义词分组(Synonym Clusters)

语义领域

同义词

中文释义

“辅助的”

assistant, subordinate, supportive, secondary

辅助的,附属的

“备用的”

backup, reserve, standby

备用的,替代的

“语言学的”

helping, modal

助动的,语法辅助的

六、IELTS 高分搭配例句(C1-C2)

搭配

例句

翻译

auxiliary equipment

The plant was shut down to maintain its auxiliary equipment.

工厂停工以维护辅助设备。

auxiliary data

Researchers used auxiliary data to verify the main experiment.

研究人员使用辅助数据验证主实验。

auxiliary system

The spacecraft’s auxiliary systems ensure mission safety.

飞船的辅助系统确保任务安全。

✅ 总结表

项目

内容

词性

adj.; n.

英式发音

/ɔːɡˈzɪl.i.ə.ri/

美式发音

/ɑːɡˈzɪl.i.er.i/

中文释义

辅助的;备用的;助动词;助手

同义词

supportive, assistant, supplementary, backup

反义词

principal, main

常见搭配

auxiliary verb, auxiliary engine, auxiliary staff

雅思主题

工程、语法、科技、教育

词源

拉丁语 auxilium(帮助)

🟦 avail

/əˈveɪl/ (verb & noun)

一、核心释义(Core Meanings)

🔹1. (verb) 有益于;对……有用;有帮助

to be of use, help, or benefit (to someone or something)

📘 中文释义:

有用;有帮助;有益于(多用于否定句或固定短语)

📗 例句 Examples:

His efforts to save the company did not avail.  他拯救公司的努力毫无用处。 No amount of money would avail him after the scandal.  丑闻发生后,无论多少钱都对他无济于事。 The medicine did not avail against the disease.  这种药对该疾病没有疗效。

📘 同义词(Synonyms):

help, benefit, assist, serve, be useful, work, function

📘 反义词(Antonyms):

hinder, harm, obstruct, damage

🔹2. (noun) 效用;利益;帮助

use, advantage, or effectiveness

📗 中文释义:

效用;利益;帮助(常用于固定搭配)

📘 常见短语(Common Phrases):

短语

含义

例句

of no avail

无效的;徒劳的

All our attempts were of no avail. 所有的努力都徒劳无功。

to little avail

收效甚微

They tried to persuade her, but to little avail. 他们试图劝说她,但收效甚微。

to good avail

收效显著

His training was to good avail. 他的训练取得了显著成效。

二、雅思学术用法(Academic Usage – IELTS Focus)

📘 在雅思写作与口语中常用于表达“努力无效/方法有效”的语气。

📗 IELTS Writing Task 2 Examples:

Many governments have introduced stricter environmental laws, but to little avail.  许多政府已颁布更严格的环境法,但收效甚微。 Efforts to control social media misinformation have been of no avail so far.  目前控制社交媒体虚假信息的努力仍无济于事。 Citizens should make use of available resources to good avail.  公民应充分利用现有资源。

📘 雅思词汇提示(IELTS Tip):

✅ “to little avail” 是一个非常地道的书面表达,可用于 Task 2 结尾段,表示“尽管努力但无效”。

三、派生词(Derivatives)

派生词

词性

含义

示例

available

adj.

可用的;可获得的

The data is now available online.

availability

n.

可用性;有效性

The availability of clean water is crucial.

unavailable

adj.

不可用的;无法获得的

He was unavailable for comment.

四、词源(Etymology)

来自中古法语 availer(有价值),源于拉丁语 valere(to be strong, be worth)——与 value 同源。

五、同义词群组(Synonym Clusters)

语义

同义词

中文释义

“有用”

help, serve, benefit, assist, work

有益,有帮助

“徒劳”

be in vain, be useless, fail, be ineffective

无效,徒劳

六、固定搭配总结(Key Collocations)

搭配

解释

示例

avail oneself of sth.

利用(某物或机会)

You should avail yourself of every opportunity to learn. 你应利用每个学习机会。

to no avail

徒劳,无效

Their protests were to no avail. 他们的抗议无济于事。

to little avail

收效甚微

He tried to fix it, but to little avail. 他试图修好它,但几乎没用。

✅ 总结表

项目

内容

词性

v.; n.

发音

/əˈveɪl/

中文释义

有用;有益;效用;利益

常用短语

to no avail, avail oneself of sth., to little avail

同义词

help, assist, benefit, serve, be useful

派生词

available, availability, unavailable

雅思搭配

to little avail, of no avail, to good avail

词源

拉丁语 valere(to be worth)

🟦 avenge

/əˈvendʒ/ (verb)

一、核心释义(Core Meanings)

🔹1. 为……报仇;为……复仇

to punish or get satisfaction for a wrong or injury done to oneself or to someone else

📘 中文释义:

报仇;复仇;为……报仇(尤指为他人或正义而报仇)

📗 例句 Examples:

He vowed to avenge his father’s death.  他发誓要为父报仇。 The army avenged the defeat of the previous battle.  军队报了上次战败之仇。 She wanted to avenge herself on those who had humiliated her.  她想向羞辱她的人报复。

📘 常用搭配(Collocations):

短语

含义

示例

avenge sb/sth

为某人/某事报仇

They swore to avenge their fallen comrades.

avenge oneself on sb

向某人报仇

He avenged himself on his enemies.

avenge a wrong

报复不公正行为

The hero avenged a great injustice.

**二、与 “revenge” 的区别(Usage Difference)

单词

词性

语气

含义

示例

avenge

动词

正义性强

为他人或公义报仇

He avenged his friend’s murder.

revenge

名词 / 动词

含个人情绪

为自己报复

He took revenge on his rival.

📘 记忆法:

👉 avenge 是“正义的复仇”;revenge 是“个人的报复”。

三、派生词(Derivatives)

派生词

词性

含义

示例

avenger

n.

报仇者,复仇者

He became an avenger of the innocent.

avenging

adj.

报仇的;复仇的

The avenging hero punished the villains.

四、同义词与反义词(Synonyms & Antonyms)

📘 同义词(Synonyms):

revenge, retaliate, punish, redress, get even, repay, requite

📘 反义词(Antonyms):

forgive, pardon, excuse, absolve

五、雅思学术用法(Academic / IELTS Usage)

📗 在 IELTS 写作与口语中常用于表达 “justice / moral retaliation(正义的报复)”:

Many heroes in literature seek to avenge injustice.  文学中的许多英雄都在寻求为正义复仇。 Attempts to avenge violence with violence often lead to endless conflict.  以暴制暴的报复往往导致无尽的冲突。 The desire to avenge may hinder reconciliation in post-war societies.  复仇的欲望可能妨碍战后社会的和解。

📘 雅思词汇提示(IELTS Tip):

✅ “avenge injustice” 或 “avenge one’s honour” 是书面语表达“伸张正义”的高级短语,可用于 Task 2 议论文中。

六、词源(Etymology)

来自中古英语 avengen,源于古法语 avengier,再追溯至拉丁语 vindicare(惩罚、维护正义)——与 vindicate(证明清白)同源。

✅ 总结表

项目

内容

词性

动词

发音

/əˈvendʒ/

中文释义

为……报仇;复仇

常用搭配

avenge sb/sth; avenge oneself on sb; avenge a wrong

同义词

revenge, retaliate, punish, redress

反义词

forgive, pardon

派生词

avenger (n.), avenging (adj.)

雅思搭配

avenge injustice, avenge one’s honour

词源

拉丁语 vindicare(惩罚、维护)

🟦 avenue

/ˈæv.ə.njuː/  (noun) (英)

/ˈæv.ə.nuː/ (美)

一、核心释义(Core Meanings)

🔹1. 大道;林荫大道

a wide street in a town or city, often with trees on both sides

📘 中文释义:

(城市中的)宽阔街道;林荫大道

📗 例句 Examples:

They walked slowly down the avenue.  他们沿着林荫大道缓缓走下去。 Fifth Avenue in New York is famous for its luxury shops.  纽约的第五大道以奢侈商店而闻名。

📘 常见搭配(Collocations):

搭配

含义

tree-lined avenue

两旁种满树的大道

shopping avenue

购物街道

broad avenue

宽阔的大街

🔹2. (实现某事的)途径;渠道;方法

a way of approaching a problem or making progress

📘 中文释义:

途径;渠道;方法(尤指实现某事或达成目标的方式)

📗 例句 Examples:

The Internet provides a new avenue for learning.  互联网提供了一种新的学习途径。 Exploring every avenue of research is essential before drawing conclusions.  在得出结论前必须探索所有研究途径。 Diplomacy remains the best avenue to resolve conflicts.  外交仍然是解决冲突的最佳途径。

📘 雅思写作高频搭配(IELTS Collocations):

学术搭配

示例句

avenues of communication

Governments must maintain open avenues of communication with citizens.

avenues of research

Scientists are exploring new avenues of research into renewable energy.

avenue for development

Education offers the best avenue for development in poor regions.

二、派生词(Derivatives)

派生词

词性

含义

“avenue” 为名词,暂无常见派生动词或形容词形式。

Avenue(专有名词)

n.

大街名常用词,如 Park Avenue, Fifth Avenue

三、同义词与反义词(Synonyms & Antonyms)

📘 同义词(Synonyms):

(表示街道): boulevard, street, road, drive, lane (表示方法): way, means, channel, approach, route, path

📘 反义词(Antonyms):

(比喻意义): dead end, blockage, impasse

四、词源(Etymology)

源自中古法语 avenue,意为 “approach, way of access”(通道、通路),再追溯至拉丁语 advenire — “to come to, approach”(到达、靠近),与单词 adventure 和 advance 同源。

五、雅思学术用法(IELTS Academic Usage)

📘 在学术与正式语境中常用于:

表达“实现目标的途径”或“研究方向”。 是书面语中“way”或“method”的高级替代表达。

📗 IELTS 示例句:

Education is often regarded as the main avenue to personal and social advancement.  教育通常被视为个人与社会进步的主要途径。 The government should open new avenues for young entrepreneurs.  政府应为青年企业家开辟新的发展渠道。 Scientists are seeking alternative avenues to address global warming.  科学家们正在寻找应对全球变暖的其他途径。

✅ 学术替换词汇:

基础表达

高级替换

way

avenue / route / approach

method

avenue / strategy / mechanism

means

avenue / instrument

六、总结表

项目

内容

词性

名词(可数)

发音

/ˈæv.ə.njuː/(英); /ˈæv.ə.nuː/(美)

中文释义

1. 大道;林荫道 2. 途径;方法

常用搭配

tree-lined avenue; avenue for communication; new avenues of research

同义词

boulevard, street, way, channel, route

反义词

dead end, impasse

雅思用途

表示“实现目标的途径”或“研究方向”的高级用词

词源

法语 avenue,源自拉丁语 advenire(到达)

🟦 average

/ˈæv.ər.ɪdʒ/ (noun, adjective, verb)

一、核心释义(Core Meanings)

🔹1. 【名词】平均数;平均水平

the result you get by adding two or more amounts together and dividing the total by the number of amounts

📘 中文释义:

平均数;平均值;一般水准;平均水平

📗 例句 Examples:

The monthly average of rainfall is 80 millimetres.  月平均降雨量为80毫米。 The cost of living has risen above the national average.  生活费用已高于全国平均水平。 On average, women live longer than men.  平均而言,女性寿命比男性长。

📘 常见搭配(Collocations):

搭配

含义

the national average

全国平均水平

the class average

班级平均分

raise / lower the average

提高 / 降低平均值

on average

平均而言(雅思常用表达)

🔹2. 【形容词】平均的;普通的;一般的

typical or normal; not special or unusual

📘 中文释义:

平均的;一般的;普通的

📗 例句 Examples:

The average student spends about 15 hours a week studying.  一个普通学生每周大约学习15小时。 He has an average build for his age.  他的体格对他这个年纪来说算中等。 The average temperature in July is 30°C.  七月的平均气温是30°C。

📘 同义词(Synonyms):

ordinary, typical, normal, standard, mediocre

📘 反义词(Antonyms):

exceptional, extraordinary, outstanding, unusual

🔹3. 【动词】平均为;平均达到

to result in a particular amount as an average

📘 中文释义:

平均为……;平均达到……

📗 例句 Examples:

His income averages $3,000 a month.  他的收入平均为每月3000美元。 The car averages 40 miles per gallon.  这辆车平均每加仑能行驶40英里。

二、派生词(Derivatives)

派生词

词性

含义

示例

averagely

adv.

平均地;一般地

She performed averagely in the test.

averageness

n.

平均状态;一般性

The averageness of his results was disappointing.

三、固定搭配与短语(Common Phrases)

短语

含义

on (the) average

平均而言

above / below average

高于 / 低于平均水平

of average height / intelligence

中等身高 / 智力

an average of + 数量

平均为……

📗 例句:

British people drink on average 2 cups of tea a day.  英国人平均每天喝两杯茶。 Her marks are above average.  她的成绩高于平均水平。

四、雅思学术用法(IELTS Academic Usage)

📘 在雅思写作中,“average” 是常见的统计、数据分析类高频词,用于描述趋势、对比、变化等。

📗 常见句型:

The average income has increased steadily over the past decade.  过去十年里平均收入稳步上升。 The average number of passengers per flight rose from 120 to 150.  每班航班的平均乘客人数从120上升到150。 On average, the figure for males was slightly higher than that for females.  平均而言,男性的数据略高于女性。

📘 雅思写作 Task 1 高分替换:

基础词

学术替换

average

mean, typical figure, central value

on average

generally, typically, overall, in general

五、同义词与搭配总结(Synonyms & Collocations)

📘 同义词:

mean, norm, median, ordinary, typical

📘 反义词:

unusual, extreme, outstanding

📘 常见搭配:

average age / height / income / temperature / score / speed

六、词源(Etymology)

源自中世纪法语 avarie(船货损失、海上平均责任),后演变为“平分损失”,再引申出“平均值”的含义。

✅ 总结表

项目

内容

词性

n. / adj. / v.

发音

/ˈæv.ər.ɪdʒ/

中文释义

平均数;平均的;普通的

常用搭配

on average, above/below average, the national average

同义词

mean, typical, ordinary, normal

反义词

exceptional, extraordinary

派生词

averagely (adv.), averageness (n.)

雅思用途

用于统计描述、趋势比较、数据分析

词源

法语 avarie → 英语 average(平分损失)

🟦 aviation

/ˌeɪ.viˈeɪ.ʃən/ (noun, uncountable)

一、核心释义(Core Meanings)

🔹1. 航空;飞行;航空业

the design, development, production, operation, and use of aircraft

📘 中文释义:

航空;飞行;航空制造业;航空事业

📗 例句 Examples:

Aviation plays a crucial role in connecting people across continents.  航空业在连接全球各地人民中起着至关重要的作用。 He has always been interested in aviation and aircraft design.  他一直对航空和飞机设计感兴趣。 The aviation industry has been severely affected by rising fuel prices.  航空业受到燃油价格上涨的严重影响。

📘 常见搭配(Collocations):

搭配

含义

civil aviation

民用航空

commercial aviation

商业航空

military aviation

军事航空

aviation industry / sector

航空业;航空领域

aviation fuel

航空燃料

aviation safety

航空安全

二、学术与行业用法(Academic / Technical Usage)

📘 在学术语境中,aviation 涵盖:

飞机的制造、设计与工程 航空运输与国际航线管理 航空环境与碳排放研究 空中交通与安全管控

📗 例句(IELTS Academic Style):

The rapid expansion of civil aviation has contributed to globalisation and economic growth.  民航业的迅速发展促进了全球化与经济增长。 Environmental concerns have led to innovations in sustainable aviation fuel.  环境问题推动了可持续航空燃料的创新。 Advances in aviation technology have made air travel faster and safer than ever.  航空技术的进步使航空旅行比以往更加快捷和安全。

三、派生词(Derivatives)

派生词

词性

含义

示例

aviator

n.

飞行员(尤指早期或军用飞行员)

The famous aviator Amelia Earhart disappeared over the Pacific.

aviary

n.

鸟舍;大型鸟笼

The zoo’s aviary houses many tropical birds.

avian

adj.

鸟类的;飞禽的

Avian flu affects both wild and domestic birds.

四、同义词与相关词(Synonyms & Related Terms)

📘 同义词(Synonyms):

flight, aeronautics, air travel, aerospace industry, air transport

📘 相关词汇(Related Words):

airline, aircraft, airport, pilot, aviation fuel, flight control

📘 反义词(Antonyms):

(无直接反义词;可用 ground transportation 对比)

五、雅思学术用法(IELTS Academic Usage)

📗 Task 1(图表描述类)常见表达:

The aviation industry experienced a steady increase in passenger numbers.  航空业的乘客数量稳步增长。 The proportion of CO₂ emissions from aviation rose significantly between 1990 and 2020.  1990年至2020年间,来自航空业的二氧化碳排放比例显著上升。 Governments are investing heavily in aviation infrastructure to promote tourism.  各国政府正大量投资航空基础设施以促进旅游业。

📘 Task 2(议论文)高级表达:

Air transport remains an essential component of modern aviation, yet its environmental cost is undeniable.  航空运输仍是现代航空体系的重要组成部分,但其环境代价不可忽视。 Innovations in aviation technology could help reduce carbon emissions in the long term.  航空技术的创新有助于长期减少碳排放。

✅ 雅思高分表达替换:

基础表达

学术替换

air travel

aviation industry / air transport

plane use

aviation sector

flight

aviation activity / operation

六、词源(Etymology)

源自法语 aviation(飞行术),来自拉丁语 avis(鸟)+ -ation(名词后缀),意为“像鸟一样飞翔的行为”。

与单词 aviary(鸟舍)和 avian(鸟类的)同源。

✅ 总结表

项目

内容

词性

名词(不可数)

发音

/ˌeɪ.viˈeɪ.ʃən/

中文释义

航空;飞行;航空业;航空事业

常见搭配

civil/commercial/military aviation, aviation fuel, aviation industry

派生词

aviator, aviary, avian

同义词

aeronautics, air transport, aerospace

雅思用途

描述交通、科技、环境、全球化主题

词源

拉丁语 avis(鸟) + -ation(动作名词后缀)

🟦 avoid

/əˈvɔɪd/ (verb)

一、核心释义(Core Meanings)

🔹1. 避免;躲开;防止

to prevent something bad from happening; to stay away from something

📘 中文释义:

避免;躲避;回避;防止(不良情况)发生

📗 例句:

You should avoid making the same mistake again.  你应当避免再犯同样的错误。 Many people try to avoid large crowds.  许多人试图避开人群密集的地方。 Regular exercise can help avoid health problems.  经常锻炼能帮助避免健康问题。

二、常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

avoid doing sth

避免做某事

avoid mistakes

避免错误

avoid conflict

避免冲突

avoid trouble

避免麻烦

avoid risk

避免风险

avoid eye contact

避免眼神接触

avoid responsibility

逃避责任

三、同义词(Synonyms)

词语

语气解释

prevent

阻止某事发生(更主动、更强)

evade

逃避(法律、责任),带贬义

dodge

躲闪(较口语)

shun

(因厌恶或道德)回避

escape

躲开伤害或危险

sidestep

回避问题(多用于言语语境)

四、派生词(Derivatives)

派生词

词性

含义

avoidable

adj.

可避免的

unavoidable

adj.

不可避免的(雅思高频)

avoidance

n.

回避;避免;规避

📗 例句:

The accident was avoidable.  这起事故是可以避免的。 Some delays are unavoidable during peak hours.  高峰期某些延误是不可避免的。

五、雅思写作用法(IELTS Academic Usage)

📘 Task 2 高分表达:

Governments should take action to avoid further environmental damage.  政府应采取行动避免进一步的环境破坏。 To avoid misunderstandings, all instructions must be clearly written.  为避免误解,所有说明必须写得清楚。 Public transport should be improved to avoid traffic congestion.  应改善公共交通以避免交通拥堵。

📘 高分替换表达:

基础表达

高级学术替换

avoid problems

prevent potential issues

avoid mistakes

minimise errors

avoid risk

reduce exposure to risk

avoid pollution

mitigate environmental impact

六、词源(Etymology)

来自中古法语 evuider,意为“清除、摆脱”,后演变为“避开”。

总结表

项目

内容

词性

动词

核心义

避免;避开

常见搭配

avoid doing, avoid risk, avoid conflict

派生词

avoidance, avoidable, unavoidable

同义词

prevent, evade, dodge, shun

雅思用途

环境、教育、科技、社会问题常用表达

🟦 await

/əˈweɪt/ (verb)

一、核心释义(Core Meanings)

🔹1. 等待;期待(正式用语)

to wait for something; to expect something to happen

📘 中文释义:

等待;等候;期待(多用于正式或书面场合)

📗 例句:

We are all awaiting the final decision.  我们都在等待最终决定。 A warm welcome awaits you in our city.  在我们城市,一场热情的欢迎在等着你。 The results are still awaiting analysis.  结果仍在等待分析。

🔹2. 等待(某物/某人)发生某事

something will happen to someone or something

📘 中文释义:

(某事物)将落到……头上;等待着某人

📗 例句:

Nobody knows what fate awaits them.  没有人知道什么命运在等待着他们。

二、语法提示(Grammar Notes)

✔ await 是及物动词,后面不能接介词 for。

正确:We await your reply. 错误:✘ We await for your reply.

如果想用不及物结构,应使用 wait for。

We are waiting for your reply.

三、常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

await a decision

等待决定

await a reply

等待回复

await trial

等待受审

await results

等待结果

eagerly await

热切期待

anxiously await

焦急地等待

a fate awaits…

命运等待着……

四、同义词(Synonyms)

词语

语气说明

wait for

日常、普通,更口语

expect

预计、预期某事将发生

anticipate

预期 + 准备(含提前考虑)

look forward to

期待(语气更积极)

五、派生词(Derivatives)

(注:await 本身派生词不多,以下为相关结构表达)

派生 / 相关表达

类型

含义

awaited

adj.(过去分词作形容词)

期待已久的

long-awaited

adj.

久候的、盼望已久的

much-awaited

adj.

备受期待的

📗 例句:

The long-awaited report is finally ready.  这份期待已久的报告终于准备好了。

六、雅思写作用法(IELTS Academic Usage)

📘 Task 2 高分句型:

Many developing countries are awaiting international assistance.  许多发展中国家正在等待国际援助。 Several challenges await governments in the coming decade.  未来十年,有几个挑战等待着各国政府。 Researchers are awaiting more data before drawing conclusions.  研究人员在得出结论前正等待更多数据。

📘 高分替换表达:

基础表达

高级替换

wait for results

await results

look forward to improvements

anticipate improvements

face challenges

challenges await…

七、总结(Quick Summary)

项目

内容

词性

动词(及物)

核心义

等待;期待

语法

不能接 for

同义词

wait for, expect, anticipate

派生词

awaited, long-awaited

雅思用途

常用于政策、研究、社会语境

🟦 awake

/əˈweɪk/

verb / adjective

一、词性与核心释义(Core Meanings)

🔹 1.(adj.)醒着的;不睡的

not asleep

📘 中文释义:

醒着的;未睡着的

📗 例句:

I’m still awake at midnight.  我半夜还醒着。 The noise kept the whole neighborhood awake.  噪音让整条街的人都没睡着。

🔹 2.(v.)醒来;唤醒(正式)

to stop sleeping; to make someone stop sleeping

📘 中文释义:

醒来;唤醒(较正式)

📗 例句:

She awoke early in the morning.  她清晨很早就醒了。 The baby was awakened by the loud thunder.  婴儿被巨响的雷声唤醒。

二、词形变化(Verb Forms)

原形

过去式

过去分词

awake

awoke / awakened

awoken / awakened

(注意:书面、文学多用 awoke / awoken;日常英语更多使用 awakened。)

三、派生词(Derivatives)

派生词

词性

含义

awaken

v.

唤醒;使意识到

awakening

n./adj.

觉醒;意识到;认识到

half-awake

adj.

半醒半睡的

📗 例句:

The documentary awakened public concern.  这部纪录片唤起了公众的关注。 Many young people are experiencing a political awakening.  许多年轻人正在经历政治上的觉醒。

四、常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

stay awake

保持清醒

keep sb. awake

让某人别睡、保持醒着

awake to sth.

意识到(正式)

be wide awake

完全清醒

awaken ideas / interest

唤起想法/兴趣

📗 例句:

People are finally becoming awake to the environmental crisis.  人们终于意识到环境危机。

五、同义词(Synonyms)

作为 adj.(醒着的):

alert(特别是注意力集中) wakeful(多用于文学、书面) conscious(有意识的)

作为 v.(醒来/唤醒):

wake awaken(较正式) rouse(大声或动作把人叫醒)

六、常见易混(Comparison with Similar Words)

含义

区别

awake

醒着

形容状态,或动作(较正式)

wake

醒来

更常用的动词

awaken

唤起意识/使醒来

文学/正式语体

wake up

睡醒;叫醒

最口语

七、雅思写作与学术使用(IELTS Academic Usage)

用于描述 意识觉醒、社会觉悟、公众关注 时非常地道:

📘 句型:

Citizens have become increasingly awake to climate change.  公民对气候变化越来越警觉/意识到。 The crisis awoke widespread concern among policymakers.  这场危机唤起了决策者的广泛关注。

◎ 在学术写作中,“awake to sth.” 是高级表达,用于表示“意识到、认清”。

八、快速总结(Quick Summary)

项目

内容

词性

adj. & verb

核心义

醒着;醒来;唤醒

过去式

awoke / awakened

同义词

wake, awaken, alert

雅思写作

awake to = 意识到(高级表达)

🟦 award

/əˈwɔːd/

verb / noun

一、核心释义(Core Meanings)

🔹 1.(v.)授予;裁定给予

to give something officially to someone as a prize, payment, or decision

📘 中文释义:

授予;判给;裁定给予

📗 例句:

She was awarded a scholarship for her outstanding performance.  她因表现优异被授予奖学金。 The court awarded damages to the victims.  法院判给受害者赔偿。

雅思场景: 用于奖学金、补助、研究经费等学术语境。

🔹 2.(n.)奖;奖项;奖励

a prize or an official recognition given for achievement

📘 中文释义:

奖;奖项;奖励;裁决

📗 例句:

She received an award for her research on renewable energy.  她因可再生能源研究获得一个奖项。 The film won several international awards.  这部电影赢得多项国际大奖。

二、派生词(Derivatives)

派生词

词性

含义

award-winning

adj.

获奖的;屡获殊荣的

awardee

n.

获奖者;被授予者(正式)

awarder

n.

授予者(机构或个人)

📗 例句:

an award-winning writer  屡获殊荣的作家 The awardee must submit a progress report annually.  获奖者必须每年提交进展报告。

三、常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

win an award

获奖

receive an award

获得奖项

present an award

颁奖

award a contract

授标合同

award damages

判给赔偿

award a grant

授予研究或资金补助

award-winning film/book

获奖电影/书籍

📗 例句(雅思写作常用):

Research grants are awarded based on academic merit.  研究经费根据学术成绩颁发。

四、同义词(Synonyms)

作为动词(give officially)

grant(正式授予,多指经费、权利) present(颁发奖项) bestow(书面语,正式) allocate(分配,通常用于资金) confer(授予荣誉/头衔,正式)

作为名词(prize)

prize honour / honor distinction(荣誉) reward(奖励)

五、雅思写作与学术语境(IELTS Academic Usage)

用于研究、教育、学术奖励时非常常见:

📘 学术例句:

Funding is awarded to projects that demonstrate significant social impact.  具有重大社会影响的项目会获批资助。 The committee awarded him a fellowship in recognition of his contribution.  委员会因其贡献授予了他研究奖学金。

六、语法点(Grammar Notes)

award sb. sth.

They awarded her the prize. 他们把奖颁给她。

award sth. to sb.

They awarded the prize to her. 他们把奖颁给她。

两种结构都对。

七、快速总结(Quick Summary)

项目

内容

词性

v.; n.

核心义

授予/奖项

关键搭配

award damages / grant / win an award

派生词

award-winning, awardee

雅思重点

奖学金、科研经费、研究资助中的“授予”

🟦 aware

/əˈweə(r)/

adjective

(牛津英汉词典风格+雅思学术标准+派生词+同义词)

一、核心释义(Core Meanings)

🔹 1. 意识到;明白;知道

knowing or realizing something

📘 中文释义:

意识到;认识到;知道某事的存在或重要性

📗 例句:

Many people are not fully aware of the risks involved.  许多人没有完全意识到其中的风险。 I wasn’t aware that she had already left.  我不知道她已经走了。

🔹 2.(对某事)有意识;关注(用于学术/正式)

having knowledge or experience of a particular subject

📘 中文释义:

对某事有意识、有了解(正式/学术)

📗 例句(雅思写作用语):

The public has become increasingly aware of environmental issues.  公众对环境问题的意识提升。

二、常见结构(Grammar Patterns)

✔ be aware of + n.

意识到某事

Students should be aware of the importance of time management.

✔ be aware that + clause

意识到……

Scientists are aware that global temperatures are rising.

✔ become aware of…

开始意识到

People are gradually becoming aware of the consequences.

三、派生词(Derivatives)

派生词

词性

含义

awareness

n.

意识;认识;关注

self-aware

adj.

自我意识强的;明白自己行为的

environmentally aware

adj.

有环保意识的

socially aware

adj.

有社会意识的;关注社会议题的

📗 例句:

Public awareness of climate change is increasing.  公众对气候变化的意识在增强。 Young people today are more self-aware.  如今的年轻人更有自我意识。

四、同义词(Synonyms)

类别

同义词

意识到

conscious, cognizant(正式), mindful

熟悉某事

familiar with, informed about

注意到

alert to, sensitive to

📘 区别提示:

aware = 强调“知道、意识到” conscious = “有意识,不是昏迷的”或“意识到行为的道德影响” cognizant = 非常正式,常见于法律与学术写作

五、雅思写作与学术例句(IELTS Academic Examples)

Students must be aware of the long-term impact of social media on learning. Governments are becoming increasingly aware that sustainable development is essential. Raising public awareness is a key step in combating climate change.

这些用法在 Task 2 高频出现,非常地道。

六、常用搭配(Collocations)

搭配

中文

be aware of

意识到

become aware

开始意识到

raise awareness

提高意识

public awareness

公众意识

increase awareness

增强意识

environmentally aware

有环保意识的

politically aware

有政治意识的

七、快速总结(Quick Summary)

项目

内容

词性

adj.

核心义

意识到;认识到

常见搭配

aware of / aware that

派生词

awareness

雅思重点

环境、教育、社会问题中的“提升意识”