单词A1

💡 a / an

indefinite article(不定冠词)

发音:

a /ə/ 或 /eɪ/ (在元音音素前读作 /ə/) an /ən/ 或 /æn/

🔹基本释义(Core Meaning)

1. 表示“一;某一个”,泛指同类中的任何一个人或物

used before a singular countable noun to refer to any one of a class of things or people

📘 Examples:

a book (一本书) a teacher (一位老师) an apple (一个苹果) an engineer (一位工程师)

I saw a cat in the garden.

我在花园里看到一只猫。(不是特指哪一只)

She wants to be an architect.

她想当建筑师。

🔹 语法要点:

a 用于辅音音素开头的单词前:a car, a dog, a university (/juː/) an 用于元音音素开头的单词前:an apple, an hour, an MBA

💡 注意:决定用 a 还是 an 的是发音(sound),而不是拼写(spelling)。

✅ an honest man(因为“honest”以元音音素 /ɒ/ 开头)

❌ a honest man

🔹2. 表示“某一个、某种、某位”,用于首次提及的人或物

used when mentioning something for the first time

📘 Example:

I saw a film yesterday. The film was amazing.

我昨天看了一部电影。那部电影非常棒。

💡 在第二次提到时,要用 the(定冠词)指代那一特定事物。

🔹3. 表示“任何一个、每一个”

used to refer to any person or thing of a particular type

📘 Examples:

A tiger is a dangerous animal.

老虎是一种危险的动物。

A child needs love and care.

孩子需要爱与关怀。

(此处的 “a” 并不是指某一只老虎,而是泛指“老虎”这一类)

🔹4. 表示“每一”、“一个时间单位内的”

used to mean “each” or “per”

📘 Examples:

He earns €2,000 a month.

他每月挣 2000 欧元。

I go to the gym three times a week.

我每周去健身房三次。

🔹5. 表示“一个大约的数量”

used to show an approximate amount or number

📘 Examples:

It weighs a kilo. There are about a hundred people in the hall.

大约有一百人。

🔹6. 表示“某种人、某类角色、身份”

used to describe somebody as being a particular kind of person

📘 Examples:

She’s a genius! He’s a good father. That was an experience I’ll never forget.

🧠 雅思学术语境(IELTS Academic Use)

在 IELTS Writing Task 2 中,冠词误用是最常见的语法错误之一。

尤其是母语非英语的考生,常在以下方面失分:

常见错误

正确写法

说明

❌ People should respect environment.

✅ People should respect the environment.

指特定概念时要用定冠词

❌ A happiness is important.

✅ Happiness is important.

不可数名词前不用 a/an

❌ An university offers opportunities.

✅ A university offers opportunities.

“university” 发 /juː/ → 辅音音素

📘 常见学术表达搭配

表达

含义

示例

a source of

某种来源

Education is a source of empowerment.

a means of

一种手段

Globalisation is a means of cultural exchange.

a range of

一系列

The city provides a range of public services.

a result of

由于…的结果

Pollution is a result of industrialisation.

这些结构在雅思写作 Task 2 中非常常见,尤其在解释原因、结果或观点时。

🧩 比较:a/an vs. the vs. 0 article

用法

冠词

例句

首次提及(泛指)

a/an

I saw a dog.

特指(第二次提到或独一无二)

the

The dog was brown.

不可数或复数泛指

—(不用冠词)

Dogs are friendly animals.

🪶 词源(Etymology)

来自古英语 ān,意为“one”。

原本表示“一个”,后逐渐演变为现代英语中的不定冠词,用于泛指同类中的任意一项。

📊 雅思写作技巧(IELTS Writing Tips)

✅ 用 a/an 时要确保:

名词是单数可数名词 不表示泛指整个类别(否则省略冠词)

❌ A pollution is harmful.

✅ Pollution is harmful.

✅ 当从抽象到具体过渡时,用 a/an 引入具体实例:

Education is essential for society. An effective education system can reduce inequality.

💡 abandon /əˈbændən/

verb [T] | noun [U]

🔹核心义项(Core Meanings)

1. 离弃;遗弃;抛弃(某人或物)

to leave someone or something that you are responsible for, with no intention of returning

📘 Example:

The baby had been abandoned by its mother.  那婴儿被母亲遗弃了。 People often feel abandoned by society.  人们常常觉得被社会抛弃。

常用搭配:

abandon somebody/something abandon somebody to something(任其遭受)  > The soldiers were abandoned to their fate.

2. 放弃;中止;舍弃(计划、信念、活动等)

to stop doing something before it is completed, or stop supporting an idea, plan, or activity

📘 Example:

The project was abandoned due to lack of funding.  由于缺乏资金,该项目被迫中止。 They abandoned all hope of rescue.  他们放弃了一切获救的希望。

常用搭配(Collocations):

abandon an attempt / idea / plan / project abandon hope / faith / principle abandon a vehicle / building / post

3. 听任;放纵(情感、欲望等)

to give up yourself completely to a feeling or emotion

📘 Example:

He abandoned himself to despair.  他陷入绝望之中。 She abandoned herself to music.  她全身心投入音乐。

4. (正式)放弃权利/领土/职位

(formal) to give up a right, claim, or possession voluntarily

📘 Example:

The island was abandoned to the enemy.

🔹名词用法(noun [U])

1. 放任;放纵;恣意

a complete lack of inhibition or self-control

📘 Example:

She danced with complete abandon.  她跳舞时完全放开了自己。 The children played with wild abandon.  孩子们无拘无束地玩耍。

🧩语法提示(Grammar Notes)

Verb forms: abandons | abandoning | abandoned Typical structure:  abandon sb/sth  abandon sb to sth  abandon oneself to sth

🧠 雅思高频搭配(IELTS Academic Collocations)

动词短语

学术语义

示例

abandon an approach/policy

放弃政策或方法

Many countries abandoned the traditional approach to education.

abandon efforts/plans

放弃努力/计划

Scientists had to abandon the experiment due to safety issues.

abandon a site/area

遗弃地区(如灾区、废弃地)

The residents abandoned the area after the earthquake.

abandon the idea/belief

放弃想法或信仰

The government finally abandoned the belief in full employment.

💡 IELTS Writing Task 2 常用句式:

Some people argue that traditional teaching methods should not be completely abandoned.

有人认为传统教学方法不应被完全放弃。

🔄 同义词(Synonyms)

词汇

语域

说明

give up

普通

放弃某事(广义)

forsake

文学

背弃信念、朋友等

relinquish

正式

主动放弃控制权/所有权

renounce

正式

放弃信仰、国籍或主张

desert

含贬义

逃离、遗弃责任

🚫 反义词(Antonyms)

keep maintain pursue continue

📚 雅思真题例句(摘自历年 IELTS 阅读与写作)

“Many traditional industries were abandoned during the process of urbanisation.”

—— IELTS Reading Passage: Urban Growth

“Some scientists argue that nuclear power should not be abandoned despite the risks.”

—— IELTS Writing Task 2 Topic: Energy Resources

“The settlement was eventually abandoned due to extreme weather conditions.”

—— IELTS Reading: Archaeological Findings

🔤 词族(Word Family)

词形

词性

意义

示例

abandon

v.

放弃;遗弃

The ship was abandoned.

abandonment

n.

放弃;遗弃

the abandonment of hope

abandoned

adj.

被遗弃的;放纵的

an abandoned building / an abandoned lifestyle

🧭 语义延伸与语用(Register & Style)

用法类型

语域

例句

社会/人际

中性偏负

“The community felt abandoned by the government.”

学术/政策

正式

“The theory was later abandoned by most researchers.”

文学

抽象/感情

“He abandoned himself to despair.”

🧩 词源(Etymology)

Middle English abandounen, from Old French abandoner “to surrender, give up”,

originally from the phrase à bandon = “at one’s disposal” (bandon = control, power).

→ 本义为“听任处置”,后引申为“放弃控制、抛弃”。

✍️ 雅思写作建议(IELTS Writing Tips)

用法区分:

❌ People abandon to do something → 错误

✅ People abandon their attempt to do something → 正确

句式模板:

Governments should not abandon their responsibility to protect cultural heritage.

政府不应放弃保护文化遗产的责任。

In the face of rapid technological change, traditional methods have been abandoned.

面对技术革新,传统方法已被弃用。

💡 abbreviation /əˌbriː.viˈeɪ.ʃən/

noun [C, U](可数或不可数名词)

🔹核心释义(Core Meaning)

a short form of a word or phrase

(单词或短语的)缩写形式;缩略词

📘 Examples:

“Dr” is an abbreviation for “Doctor.”  “Dr” 是 “Doctor” 的缩写。 “UK” is the abbreviation of “the United Kingdom.”  “UK” 是 “United Kingdom” 的缩写。 The abbreviation “etc.” stands for “et cetera.”  缩写 “etc.” 表示 “et cetera”。

🔹语法说明(Grammar Notes)

可用作 可数名词:  > several common abbreviations(几个常见缩写) 也可作 不可数名词(泛指缩写的概念):  > The use of abbreviation is common in texting.

🔹常用搭配(Common Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例

common abbreviation

常见缩写

“ASAP” is a common abbreviation for “as soon as possible.”

official abbreviation

官方缩写

“UN” is the official abbreviation for “United Nations.”

use an abbreviation

使用缩写

Always explain the first time you use an abbreviation.

form an abbreviation

构成缩写

Acronyms are formed by using initial letters.

stand for an abbreviation

表示某缩写所代表的词

“PhD” stands for “Doctor of Philosophy.”

🔹同义词(Synonyms)

词汇

说明

示例

short form

通常用来指文字缩略

“TV” is a short form of “television.”

acronym

首字母缩略词(能读作一个词)

“NATO” is an acronym for “North Atlantic Treaty Organization.”

initialism

首字母缩略词(逐字母读)

“FBI” is an initialism.

🔹在雅思学术英语中的用法(IELTS Academic Usage)

在学术写作中,abbreviation 主要用于:

论文、报告、数据分析中解释缩写; 引用专业名词(如国家、机构、化学术语、技术名词)时。

📘 Examples:

In this essay, the abbreviation “GDP” refers to “Gross Domestic Product.”  在本文中,缩写 “GDP” 指的是国内生产总值。 When writing an academic paper, define every abbreviation at its first occurrence.  在学术论文中,第一次使用缩写时应注明其全称。

💡 雅思写作小贴士:

在 IELTS Writing Task 2 中,除非是全球通用缩写(如 UN, EU, USA),最好避免使用未解释的 abbreviation,否则会被视为 inappropriate register(语体不当)。

🔹常见领域中的缩写举例(Examples in Context)

领域

常见缩写

全称

政治

UN, EU, NATO

United Nations, European Union, North Atlantic Treaty Organization

科技

AI, IT, CPU

Artificial Intelligence, Information Technology, Central Processing Unit

商业

CEO, GDP, ROI

Chief Executive Officer, Gross Domestic Product, Return on Investment

教育

PhD, BA, MA

Doctor of Philosophy, Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts

🔹派生词(Derivatives)

词形

词性

含义

示例

abbreviate

v.

缩写,缩短

“Professor” is often abbreviated to “Prof.”

abbreviated

adj.

被缩写的;简略的

an abbreviated form / an abbreviated version

🔹词源(Etymology)

来自拉丁语 abbreviare(意为“缩短”),源自 ad-(向)+ brevis(短的)。

原义即“使更短”,后引申为“缩写文字或表达”。

🧠 雅思词汇拓展(IELTS Academic Word Family)

词汇

词性

学术用法例句

abbreviate

v.

Scientists often abbreviate complex terms for simplicity.

abbreviation

n.

The abbreviation “DNA” stands for “Deoxyribonucleic acid.”

abbreviated

adj.

The article used an abbreviated form of the company name.

📘 典型雅思写作句型模板(IELTS Writing Templates)

✅ 正确用法:

The abbreviation “CO₂” is widely used in scientific research.

It is important to define all abbreviations in academic writing.

The word “approx.” is an abbreviation for “approximately.”

❌ 错误用法:

GDP is abbreviation of economic growth. ❌

✅ GDP is an abbreviation for economic growth.

🧩 语法小结(Grammar Focus)

冠词:通常用 an → an abbreviation 可数名词:可以加复数 abbreviations 介词:  - abbreviation for something → 表示“……的缩写”  - abbreviation of something → 表示“……的缩略形式”

📘 Example:

“Dr” is an abbreviation for “Doctor.” “Dr” is the abbreviation of “Doctor.”(两者皆可)

🪶 高级表达(Advanced IELTS Style)

Abbreviations enhance efficiency in communication but may reduce clarity if overused.

(缩写提高了交流效率,但过度使用可能降低清晰度。)

💡 abeyance /əˈbeɪəns/

noun [U](不可数名词)

🔹核心释义(Core Meaning)

a state of being temporarily inactive, suspended, or not being used

【正式】中止;暂停使用;搁置;暂缓执行

📘 Oxford Example Sentences:

Legal proceedings are in abeyance, while further enquiries are made.  法律诉讼被暂时搁置,等待进一步调查。 The project is being held in abeyance until agreement is reached.  该项目被搁置,直到达成协议。 Our plans for expansion have been put in abeyance for the moment.  我们的扩张计划暂时搁置。

🔹中文解释

(正式语)指某事暂时停止运作或失效,通常因为等待决策、条件或批准。

常用于法律、政治、商业、学术研究等正式语境。

🔹词性说明(Grammar Notes)

名词(不可数) → 通常与介词 in 连用:  🟢 in abeyance = “处于暂停状态” 常见固定搭配:  be in abeyance, hold in abeyance, put in abeyance

🔹常用搭配(Common Collocations)

搭配

意义

示例

in abeyance

处于中止状态

The law remains in abeyance.

hold something in abeyance

暂时搁置某事

The decision was held in abeyance.

put something in abeyance

把……暂时搁置

The plan was put in abeyance.

kept in abeyance

保持暂停状态

The negotiations were kept in abeyance.

🔹同义词(Synonyms)

词汇

含义

语体

suspension

暂停、延缓

中性正式

postponement

推迟、延后

日常正式皆可

delay

延误、耽搁

普通用词

pause

暂停

非正式

moratorium

(官方)暂停执行

学术、法律语体更正式

🔹反义词(Antonyms)

continuation(继续) implementation(实施) activation(启动)

🔹学术英语用法(IELTS Academic Usage)

在雅思写作 Task 2 或学术论文中,abeyance 常用于表达:

政策、法律、计划的暂时中止; 政府或机构在执行措施前的搁置状态。

📘 Examples:

The environmental policy was held in abeyance until further research was completed.  该环保政策在进一步研究完成前被搁置。 Economic reforms were in abeyance during the political transition.  在政治过渡期间,经济改革被暂时搁置。

💡 雅思写作高分用法:

Many long-term development projects remain in abeyance due to budget constraints.

许多长期发展项目因预算限制而被搁置。

这种表达比 “paused” 或 “delayed” 更正式、学术,可显著提升 Lexical Resource(词汇多样性) 分数。

🔹词族(Word Family)

词形

词性

含义

示例

abeyance

n.

暂时中止,搁置

The plan was in abeyance.

(无动词形式)

⚠️ 注意:abeyance 是一个名词,没有对应动词形式(不能说 “to abey”)。

🔹语法与搭配结构(Usage Patterns)

✅ 常见句式:

be in abeyance put/hold/keep something in abeyance

❌ 错误用法:

The government abeyanced the policy. ✖️(错误) ✅ 正确: The policy was held in abeyance by the government.

🔹语域分析(Register & Style)

场合

是否常用

示例

日常口语

❌ 很少使用

商务/法律/学术写作

✅ 常用

“The court order is currently in abeyance.”

IELTS Task 2 & 论文

✅ 推荐

“Plans remain in abeyance pending approval.”

🔹词源(Etymology)

源自中古法语 abeance,意为“期盼、等待”;

再追溯至古法语 abeer(张嘴期待)→ 拉丁词根 bāia(open mouth)。

后演变为“暂时停止、悬而未决”的抽象含义。

🔹高级写作句型模板(IELTS Writing Templates)

✅ 正式写法提升句格:

Implementation of the policy has been held in abeyance until further evaluation.

✅ 用于被动结构:

The construction process was kept in abeyance due to legal disputes.

✅ 用于并列结构:

Several reforms remain in abeyance, while others have been implemented successfully.

🔹高分替代表达对比表

简单表达

高级替换(含 abeyance)

说明

The project was delayed.

The project was held in abeyance.

更正式、更书面

The law was suspended.

The law remains in abeyance.

法律/政策类用语

Plans were paused temporarily.

Plans were kept in abeyance pending approval.

学术写作常见

✅ 总结记忆法(Memory Tip)

abeyance = a (pause) before balance 🌀

→ 想象成“在等待平衡前的暂停状态”。

💡 abide /əˈbaɪd/

verb [I, T](动词)

👉(过去式和过去分词)abode 或 abided

🔹核心释义(Core Meanings)

1. [T] (formal, old-fashioned) 忍受;容忍;接受

to tolerate or endure something unpleasant

📘 Examples:

I can’t abide his arrogance.  我无法忍受他的傲慢。 She couldn’t abide the thought of losing him.  她无法忍受失去他的念头。

🔹 常见结构:

can’t/couldn’t abide somebody/something  (意为“不能忍受……”) abide doing something  > I can’t abide being late.  > 我受不了迟到。

💡 语域提示:

此义常见于正式或文学英语中,在口语中多用 stand / bear / tolerate 替代。

2. [I, T] (formal) 遵守;服从;信守(规则、决定、协议等)

to accept and act according to a law, rule, decision, or agreement

📘 Examples:

You must abide by the law.  你必须遵守法律。 All members must abide by the club’s regulations.  所有成员都必须遵守俱乐部的规定。

🔹 固定搭配(Collocation)

短语

含义

abide by the law/rules

遵守法律/规则

abide by a decision/agreement

服从决定/遵守协议

abide by the constitution

遵守宪法

📘 Example (academic):

International organisations are expected to abide by global environmental standards.  国际组织应遵守全球环境标准。

💡 雅思写作应用(Writing Task 2):

Governments must abide by international agreements to combat climate change.

政府必须遵守国际协议以应对气候变化。

3. [I] (old use, literary) 停留;居住

(literary) to stay or live in a place

📘 Example:

He abode in the wilderness for many years.  他在荒野中生活了许多年。

💡 现代英语中此义已较少使用,多见于诗歌、宗教或古风文体:

“Abide with me, fast falls the eventide.”(赞美诗《求主同住》)

🔹词性变化(Verb Forms)

时态

形式

原形

abide

过去式

abode / abided

过去分词

abode / abided

现在分词

abiding

🔹派生词(Derivatives)

词形

词性

含义

示例

abiding

adj.

持久的;长久的

an abiding love / an abiding interest

abidance

n. (formal)

遵守;持续存在

abidance by the rules

📘 Example:

They shared an abiding respect for each other.  他们之间始终相互尊重。

🔹同义词(Synonyms)

词汇

含义

用法

tolerate

容忍(一般用法)

I can’t tolerate rude behaviour.

endure

忍耐(带有痛苦)

She endured years of hardship.

obey

遵守(权威性规则)

Citizens must obey the law.

comply (with)

遵守(行政或法律语体)

Companies must comply with regulations.

🔹反义词(Antonyms)

disobey(违反) resist(反抗) defy(公然违抗)

🔹雅思学术写作用法(IELTS Academic Use)

常用句型模板(Writing Task 2 高分表达):

Citizens are expected to abide by social norms in order to maintain harmony.

为了维持社会和谐,公民应当遵守社会规范。

All international organisations should abide by ethical standards when conducting research.

所有国际组织在进行研究时都应遵守伦理标准。

Companies that fail to abide by environmental laws should face strict penalties.

未遵守环境法规的公司应受到严厉惩罚。

💡 提升词汇分数技巧:

将简单动词 obey / follow 替换为 abide by,

可提升语体正式度,增强 Lexical Resource 得分。

🔹搭配总结(Collocations)

短语

翻译

abide by the law

遵守法律

abide by the rules

遵守规则

abide by a decision

服从决定

cannot abide sb/sth

无法忍受某人/某事

abide with sb

与某人同住(旧用)

🔹词源(Etymology)

来自古英语 abīdan:a-(intensive)+ bīdan(等待、停留)。

原意为“停留、等待”,后引申出“忍受”和“遵守”的含义。

🔹高分写作替换表(IELTS Upgrade Table)

普通表达

高级替换(含 abide)

场合

obey the law

abide by the law

学术/正式

follow the rule

abide by the rule

Task 2 写作

cannot stand noise

cannot abide noise

文学或正式语气

continue for a long time

remain abiding

形容持久特性

✅ 小结记忆法(Memory Tip)

abide = be patient and obey.

👉 “忍耐并遵守” = abide

💡 ability /əˈbɪləti/

noun [C, U](名词,可数或不可数)

🔹核心释义(Core Meanings)

1. [C, U] 能力;才能;本领

the power or skill to do something

📘 Oxford Examples:

The system has the ability to detect errors automatically.  该系统具有自动检测错误的能力。 Everyone should be treated according to their abilities.  每个人都应根据其能力受到对待。 She showed an early ability in languages.  她早早地表现出语言天赋。

📘 中文解释:

指一个人、动物或系统在特定领域中完成任务或做某事的潜能与技能。

2. [U] 天资;才能(natural power or skill)

natural talent or intelligence

📘 Examples:

A child of high ability needs special attention.  高智商的孩子需要特别关注。 He is a man of considerable ability.  他是一个非常有能力的人。 Students are grouped according to ability.  学生按照能力分组。

🔹语法与用法(Grammar Notes)

项目

内容

可数 / 不可数

通常为不可数;指“具体技能”时可数

常见结构

have the ability to do sth / show ability in sth

形容词修饰

great / natural / remarkable / limited / linguistic ability 等

常见搭配

develop ability, demonstrate ability, test ability, measure ability

🔹常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例

have the ability to do sth

有能力做某事

She has the ability to inspire others.

develop/improve ability

提升能力

Schools should help students develop their abilities.

demonstrate/show ability

展示才能

He demonstrated great ability in problem-solving.

of high/average/low ability

高/中/低能力水平

Students of high ability perform better in tests.

natural ability

天赋

She has a natural ability for music.

linguistic/technical/creative ability

语言/技术/创造能力

His linguistic ability is impressive.

🔹常见对比词汇(Synonyms)

词汇

含义

语体

capacity

容量、能力(可承受或理解的范围)

academic, formal

capability

实际功能或操作能力(尤其是机器/组织)

technical/formal

competence

胜任力、业务能力

professional/formal

talent

天赋(自然能力)

common/formal

skill

具体技能(经过训练获得)

common

📘 Examples:

Ability is general: “She has musical ability.” Skill is learned: “She has piano-playing skills.” Talent is innate: “She has a natural talent for piano.”

🔹反义词(Antonyms)

inability(无能;不能) incapacity(不能胜任;无行为能力)

📘 Example:

The disease causes an inability to walk.  该疾病导致行走障碍。

🔹派生词(Word Family)

词形

词性

含义

示例

ability

n.

能力

She has great ability.

able

adj.

能够的;有才能的

He is an able leader.

unable

adj.

不能的

I was unable to attend.

ably

adv.

能干地

She led the team ably.

enable

v.

使能够

The program enables students to learn faster.

disability

n.

残疾;无能力

He overcame his disability.

🔹雅思写作常用表达(IELTS Academic Usage)

📘 Task 2 高分句型示例:

Education enhances students’ ability to think critically and solve problems.  教育提升学生的批判性思维与解决问题的能力。 Technological development depends on the ability of nations to innovate.  科技发展取决于国家的创新能力。 Employers value the ability to work independently as well as collaboratively.  雇主重视独立工作和团队合作的能力。 The ability to adapt to change is crucial in the modern workplace.  适应变化的能力在现代职场中至关重要。

🔹雅思口语常见搭配(Speaking Usage)

I have a strong ability to communicate with people from different cultures. I believe my ability to manage time efficiently helps me a lot. I’m confident in my ability to handle pressure.

💡 口语提示:

在雅思口语中,用 I’m good at… 或 I have the ability to… 都能自然表达。

👉 I have the ability to learn quickly 比 I can learn quickly 更正式、更书面。

🔹常见固定表达

表达

含义

示例

to the best of your ability

尽最大努力

Please complete the task to the best of your ability.

of outstanding ability

极有才能

She is a scientist of outstanding ability.

beyond one’s ability

超出能力范围

The task is beyond my ability.

🔹学术写作替换词表(IELTS Upgrade Table)

普通表达

高级替换(含 ability)

说明

people can do

people have the ability to do

更正式

skill

ability / competence

学术语体

talent

innate ability

更精确

can

be able to / possess the ability to

高级句型

📘 Example:

Children should be encouraged to develop their ability to think creatively.

= 高分替换 “Children should learn to think creatively.”

🔹词源(Etymology)

源自拉丁语 habilitas(适应、胜任),

经古法语 habilite(技能)→ 中世纪英语 ability。

与 able(能够)同根。

✅ 记忆小技巧(Memory Tip)

ability = able + -ity(性质名词后缀)

👉 “able 的性质” → “能够的特性” → “能力”

🌟 总结重点:

分类

内容

词性

名词(可数/不可数)

基本义

能力;才能

搭配

ability to do sth / natural ability / develop ability

派生词

able, enable, unable, disability

雅思功能

Task 2(教育、就业、人力主题)高频词汇

高级替换

competence / capability / capacity

💡 abnormal /æbˈnɔːml/

adjective(形容词)

🔹核心释义(Core Meaning)

different from what is usual, expected, or typical, especially in a way that is worrying or harmful

(尤指令人担忧或有害地)不正常的,反常的,异常的

📘 Oxford Examples:

abnormal behaviour 反常行为 abnormal test results 异常的检测结果 abnormal levels of stress 异常的压力水平 The results of the blood test showed nothing abnormal.  血液检查结果未显示任何异常。

📘 中文解释:

与正常情况、标准或常规不同,通常暗含“不健康”、“不自然”或“有问题”的意思。

🔹语法与用法(Grammar & Usage)

项目

内容

词性

形容词(adj.)

常见搭配名词

behaviour, condition, growth, result, situation, level, pattern

反义词

normal(正常的)

副词形式

abnormally(异常地)

名词形式

abnormality(异常,反常)

📘 Example:

His temperature is abnormally high.  他的体温异常偏高。 There are several genetic abnormalities in the sample.  样本中存在数个基因异常。

🔹常见学术搭配(Academic Collocations)

搭配

含义

示例

abnormal behaviour

异常行为

The patient showed signs of abnormal behaviour.

abnormal development

发育异常

The child was born with abnormal development.

abnormal growth

异常生长

Abnormal cell growth may lead to cancer.

abnormal results/findings

异常结果

The test revealed abnormal findings.

abnormal condition/situation

异常状态

The region is facing abnormal weather conditions.

abnormally high/low

异常高/低

Temperatures were abnormally low this winter.

🔹语体分析(Register & Style)

语体

用法情况

日常英语

较少使用,语气偏正式或专业

学术英语(IELTS)

常见于科学、医学、社会问题等作文

医学/心理学/自然科学

高频词汇,表示偏离常态的现象

📘 Example (IELTS Writing Task 2):

In modern society, abnormal stress levels among students are becoming a serious concern.

在现代社会,学生异常的压力水平已成为严重问题。

🔹同义词(Synonyms)

词汇

含义

语体

irregular

不规则的;异常的

中性,用于自然/形状等

unusual

不寻常的

普通正式皆可

atypical

非典型的;不符合常态的

学术语体

deviant

越轨的;异常的

多用于社会/心理语境

exceptional

例外的(有时为正面)

正式语体

unnatural

不自然的;反常的

含贬义

📘 Examples:

His behaviour was unusual, but not abnormal.(语气更强) The data showed atypical patterns of growth.

🔹反义词(Antonyms)

normal(正常的) typical(典型的) standard(标准的) regular(常规的)

📘 Example:

The child’s development is perfectly normal.

这个孩子的发育完全正常。

🔹派生词(Word Family)

词形

词性

含义

示例

abnormal

adj.

异常的

abnormal behaviour

abnormally

adv.

异常地

abnormally high temperature

abnormality

n.

异常现象

genetic abnormality

🔹雅思写作应用(IELTS Writing & Academic Use)

📘 Task 2 / Academic Essay Examples:

Abnormal climate patterns have become more frequent due to global warming.  由于全球变暖,异常的气候模式变得更加频繁。 The experiment detected abnormal levels of radiation in the area.  实验在该地区检测到异常辐射水平。 Children who grow up in unstable environments may develop abnormal social behaviours.  在不稳定环境中成长的儿童可能会出现反常的社会行为。 Abnormal economic fluctuations often result from policy uncertainty.  异常的经济波动通常源于政策不确定性。

💡 高分词汇替换技巧:

将简单的 “unusual” 或 “strange” 替换为 “abnormal”,

可显著提升 词汇正式度与学术精确度(Lexical Resource)。

🔹IELTS Speaking 示例

“Doctors said the scan showed something abnormal, so they needed more tests.” “It’s not abnormal for teenagers to feel anxious before exams.” “Climate change has led to abnormal weather conditions around the world.”

💬 提示: 在口语中可搭配 quite / rather / slightly abnormal,使表达更自然。

🔹词源(Etymology)

来自拉丁语 ab-(离开)+ norma(标准),

原意为“偏离标准” → “不正常的”。

🔹雅思高级替换表(IELTS Upgrade Table)

普通表达

高级替换(含 abnormal)

用法场合

strange behaviour

abnormal behaviour

学术、心理

unusual result

abnormal result

科学、医学

weird pattern

abnormal pattern

正式论文

not normal climate

abnormal climate conditions

Task 2 环境类

too high temperature

abnormally high temperature

科学类写作

✅ 记忆小技巧(Memory Tip)

ab-(离开)+ normal(正常) → 离开正常 = 不正常。

👉 “abnormal = away from normal”

🌟 总结重点:

分类

内容

词性

adj.(形容词)

基本义

不正常的;反常的

常见搭配

abnormal behaviour / result / condition / level

反义词

normal / typical

派生词

abnormally, abnormality

雅思用法

Task 2(科学、社会、健康类)高频学术词汇

语体

正式、学术、医学

💡 aboard /əˈbɔːd/

副词 (adverb) / 介词 (preposition)

👉 意为 “在(船、飞机、火车等)上” 或 “上(交通工具)”

🔹核心释义(Core Meanings)

1. 在船(飞机、火车等)上;上船;上飞机

(adv.) on or onto a ship, plane, bus, or train

📘 Oxford Examples:

Welcome aboard!  欢迎登机!(或:欢迎上船!) All passengers must be aboard by 7:30.  所有乘客须于7点半前登机。 The flight attendant greeted us as we stepped aboard.  当我们登机时,乘务员向我们问候。 They finally went aboard the ship bound for New York.  他们终于登上了开往纽约的船。

💬 说明:

当作副词时,表示状态(已经在车/船/飞机上);

当作介词时,表示动作(登上交通工具)。

2. 在船上工作;在飞机上服役(正式)

working on a ship, aircraft, etc.

📘 Example:

He has been aboard the Navy vessel for six months.  他已在那艘海军舰上服役六个月。

3. (比喻义)在机构内;加入(组织、公司、项目)

(informal, business use) being part of a group or organization

📘 Examples:

The new CEO came aboard last month.  新任首席执行官于上月上任。 We’re glad to have you aboard our team.  很高兴你加入我们的团队。

💡 常用于商业、团队、科技领域,意为“加入、入职、成为一员”。

🔹语法用法(Grammar Notes)

用法

示例

含义

副词 (adv.)

The passengers are already aboard.

已经在船/机上

介词 (prep.)

He went aboard the plane.

登上飞机

固定搭配

go aboard / come aboard / welcome aboard

登上 / 加入 / 欢迎上船或入职

🔹常见搭配(Collocations)

搭配

翻译

示例

go aboard

登船 / 登机

We went aboard the ship at 6 p.m.

come aboard

加入(机构)

She came aboard as the new project manager.

welcome aboard

欢迎上船 / 欢迎加入

“Welcome aboard, everyone!”

all aboard!

(火车员喊)全部上车!

“All aboard! The train is leaving!”

🔹常见同义词(Synonyms)

词汇

含义

用法差异

on board

同义,更常见于口语

We’re all on board the plane.

embark

登船(正式)

Passengers will embark at Gate 3.

enter / join

加入(组织)

He joined the company last year.

💡 区别:

aboard = 状态(已经在上面)或动作(登上) on board = 更常见、更中性,尤其口语中。 embark = 正式动词,常与 on/upon 连用。

🔹反义词(Antonyms)

ashore(在岸上) disembark(下船,下飞机) get off(下车,下公交)

📘 Example:

The passengers disembarked after a long voyage.  乘客在长途航行后下船。

🔹派生词(Word Family)

词形

词性

含义

aboard

adv./prep.

在……上(船/飞机)

on board

短语

同义,更常见于现代用法

boarding

n./adj.

登机,寄宿

board (v.)

登上(飞机、船等)

📘 Example:

Please have your boarding pass ready.  请准备好登机牌。

🔹雅思常用表达(IELTS Use)

📘 雅思口语 Part 1 / 2 示例:

I always feel excited when I go aboard a plane.  每次登机我都很兴奋。 The captain welcomed everyone aboard with a big smile.  船长带着笑容欢迎所有人上船。

📘 雅思写作 Task 2 示例:

Many employees are now joining companies that allow them to work remotely once they come aboard.

许多员工在加入公司后获得远程工作的机会。

🔹固定表达(Fixed Phrases)

表达

含义

Welcome aboard!

欢迎登机/欢迎加入!(常用于飞机、公司、团队)

All aboard!

全部上车!(列车出发用语)

Come aboard

加入组织/成为一员

Stay aboard

留在船上或团队中

📘 Examples:

“Welcome aboard our company, 🌸! We’re happy to have you.” “All aboard! The ferry is about to leave.”

🔹词源(Etymology)

来自中古英语短语 on bord(在甲板上),

后演变为 aboard = a-(方向性前缀,表示“在、向”)+ board(船板、甲板)。

👉 原意:“在甲板上” → “在船上 / 登船”。

🔹雅思词汇替换表(IELTS Upgrade Table)

普通表达

高级替换(含 aboard)

用法场景

on the plane

aboard the plane

正式、书面语

join the company

come aboard the company

商务英语

on the ship

aboard the ship

航海、文学、正式语体

get on the train

go aboard the train

书面或文学体

✅ 记忆小技巧(Memory Tip)

aboard = a + board(在板子上 → 在船上)

👉 想象“上到甲板上”,就是“aboard”。

🌟 总结重点:

分类

内容

词性

副词 / 介词

基本义

在……上;上(船/机/车);加入

固定短语

go aboard / welcome aboard / come aboard

反义词

ashore / disembark / get off

语体

日常、商业、文学、航空用语皆可

雅思功能

听力(交通场景)/ 口语(旅行类)/ 写作(商务类)高频词